Recent Issues published by International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications (IJCST)

IJCST Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2014

Wed, 05 Mar 2014 04:24:40 -0700

Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2014

MEEP: Multihop Energy Efficient Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

Surender Kumar, M. Parteek, N. J. Ahuja and B. Bhushan

Centre of Information Technology, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
G.N. Khalsa College, Yamunanagar, India

Abstract - Energy conservation of sensor nodes for increasing the network life is the most crucial design goal while developing efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Recent technological advances help in the development of wide variety of sensor nodes. Heterogeneity takes the advantage of different types of sensor nodes and improves the energy efficiency and network life. Generally sensors are deployed randomly and densely in a sensing region so short distance multihop communication reduces the long distance transmission in the sensor network. In this research paper MMEP (multihop energy efficient protocol for heterogeneous sensor network) is proposed. The proposed protocol combines the idea of clustering and multihop communication. Heterogeneity is created in the network by using some nodes of high energy. Low energy nodes use a residual energy based scheme to become a cluster head. High energy nodes act as the relay nodes for low energy cluster head when they are not performing the duty of a cluster head to save their energy further. Protocol also suggests a sleep state for nodes in the cluster formation process for saving energy and increasing the life of sensor network. Simulation result shows that the proposed scheme is better than other two level heterogeneous sensor network protocol like SEP in energy efficiency and network life.

Index Terms - Cluster, Energy-Efficiency Multihop, Network Lifetime, Residual Energy and Wireless Sensor Network

A Case Study: Development of Auto-configuration Server

Pages: 9-12 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (366K)

Hammad Ali Butt, Junaid Arshad and Ehsan-ul-Haq

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract - In this study, we are discussing our experiences and challenges we faced during the development of an Auto-configuration Server (ACS) for TR-069 protocol. During the development we studied many open-source products regarding ACS. We learned and analyzed them and used some of code in our project. During study we found that those products are not developed maturely and also not properly documented, so we need to go through the project by understanding the source code to find out the product architecture and process flow. This paper also discusses how we faced those challenges and solve the by using different software engineering techniques. We studied architecture of one the best product among the list and how we change it into real time product for industry. We are sharing those experiences that are helpful and provide some guidance for others who are planning to develop such kind of system.

Index Terms - Auto-configuration Server, Open-Source Software, Software Engineering Tools & Techniques and TR-069

Internet Banking User Interface Design: A Comparative Trend Analysis of Nigeria Perspective

Pages: 13-20 (8) | [Full Text] PDF (706K)

Monday Eze

Department of Computer Science/Mathematics/Informatics, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo (FUNAI), Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Abstract - User Interface is an important component of every computing system. This is particularly true in Internet Banking, where the users are customers, who access the banking services online, from different locations of the world. These customers when dissatisfied with the banking services could take drastic actions, such as spreading service failure related rumours, withdrawal of patronage, and so on. Since customers access Internet Banking services through the user interfaces via the websites, it means that such interface designs should follow best practices and highest standards. Though no singular Internet Banking System may be termed as superior over the rest of the others in the world, it is necessary that system designers should be contemporary, innovative and customer-centric. One way to achieve this is by studying what is obtainable in the industry with the view of improving on the existing expertise. This work is a computational analysis of the current trends in Internet Banking user interface designs, with cases studies drawn from some selected Nigerian banks. Some of the outcomes of this research are the User Interface Functionality (UIFA) Chart, and the User Interface Similarity Analysis (UISA) Chart.

Index Terms - Internet Banking, User Interface, Trend Analysis and Virtual Keyboard

DICOM Image Retrieval Based on Neural Network Classification

Pages: 21-26 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (361K)

B. Darsana and G. Jagajothi

Department of Information Science & Engg., The Oxford College of Engineering, Bangalore
Department of Information Technology, Periyar Maniammai University, Tanajore

Abstract - Digital imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is a standard developed for handling large amount of pictorial information in Medical imaging. With the vast availability of medical imaging applications like computed tomography, magnetic resonance, digital radiography, radiation therapy and ultra sound, the need for storing, printing, transmitting and retrieving biomedical images became obligatory. As per the DICOM standard, the images are basically retrieved based on the textual information associated with every DICOM image. This research proposes Content based retrieval of DICOM images which will aid in retrieval of semantically relevant images without need for providing any additional information. This is achieved by classification based multimodal image retrieval. A combination of low level features and high level features are extracted for initial filtering of images. The classification of the images is done with the help of neural network where optimization process is incorporated for weight calculation which aids in effective classification of images. The relevance of classified images to query image is further optimized by using fuzzy c-means algorithm.

Index Terms - Classification, Content-based Image Retrieval, DICOM, Multimodal Image and Neural Network

Web Acceleration for Wireless Networks

Pages: 27-30 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (163K)

Muhammad Wasim

University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

Abstract - With the widespread use of tablets and smartphones the demand for data services is increasing exponentially. WiMAX and LTE networks provide high speed data services to the end users but it is no match to the end user requirements. The users browse multimedia content websites or social media services and watch videos on wireless networks. The wireless devices of today consume high bandwidth. For example, the iPhone can use 24 times the spectrum of a traditional cell phone, while the iPad uses 122 times as much. This explosive growth of wireless device users has increased bandwidth requirements and enterprises are evaluating methods to make the available infrastructure more efficient. One such method is to use optimization techniques at TCP & HTTP level. In this study, we compare and evaluate HTTP and TCP optimization techniques. These techniques decrease bandwidth congestion, make the existing infrastructure more efficient, and improve the end-user experience at the same time.

Index Terms - Web Acceleration, HTTP Optimization and Wireless Network Optimization

IJCST Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2014

Sun, 05 Jan 2014 04:24:40 -0700

Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2014

Performance Evaluation of MIMO and HARQ Techniques for LTE Uplink System

Pages: 1-7 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (581K)

Messaoud ELJAMAI, Bechir NSIRI and Mahmoud AMMAR

Sys�com Lab, ENIT, BP.37 Le Belv�d�re 1002, Tunis, Tunisia

Abstract - In this paper, we carry out a performance evaluation of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) techniques for single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SCFDMA) of the LTE uplink system. Different MIMO schemes such as single-antenna port (SISO or SIMO), transmit diversity (TD) and spatial multiplexing (SM) are described and simulated. In this paper, we propose an advanced soft combining method of HARQ transmissions which is called linear minimum square error soft combining (LMMSE-SC). In this method, the LMMSE equalizer operates jointly the spatial diversity provided by MIMO technique and the temporal diversity provided by the HARQ retransmissions. Simulation results show that the proposed method improves the performance of HARQ with chase combining technique compared to the classical method of combination.

Index Terms - LTE, MIMO, SC-FDMA, MIMO, HARQ and LMMSE

Quality Image Transmission through AWGN Channel using Polar Codes

Pages: 8-16 (9) | [Full Text] PDF (1003K)

Anurag Mishra, Kanchan Sharma and Asok De

Department of Electronics, Deendayal Upadhyay College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
Department of ECE, Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, GGSIP University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi, India
National Institute of Technology, Patna, Bihar, India

Abstract - Polar coded grayscale image communication over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system is demonstrated in this paper. The OFDM technique is effective multicarrier technique used in the high-speed transmission system. Polar codes are recently applied to the binary memoryless channel and binary erasure channels for achieving near to Shannon channel capacity. However, besides these two channels, the analysis of polar codes over other channels is still open to scrutiny. The additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel is evaluated by transmitting still images through M-ary QAM modulated OFDM system using polar codes. By comparing with the Bose � Chaudhuri � Hocquenghem (BCH) codes in the same scenario, our results suggest that polar codes have better performance than that of BCH codes. We introduce the polar coded adaptive modulation OFDM system in which the modulation order of QAM is selected in accordance with the channel conditions and channel BER upper threshold value. The result shows that better spectral bandwidth utilization can be achieved by adapting the order of modulation in the polar coded OFDM system. We also concatenate the BCH code with polar code in same scenario using fixed 64-QAM modulation scheme. The obtained results confirm improvement in the behavior of channel BER and visual quality of transmitted images for the entire range of channel Eb/No in comparison to use of polar codes. Overall, it is concluded that polar codes are a good selection for wireless image communication.

Index Terms - Polar Codes, Image Communication, OFDM, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity (SSIM) and Adaptive Modulation

Encouraging Pilot Projects before Large Scale Deployment of ICTs in Ghanaian Polytechnics

Pages: 17-24 (8) | [Full Text] PDF (352K)

Nana Yaw Asabere and Edwin Mends-Brew

Department of Computer Science, School of Applied Sciences and Arts, Accra Polytechnic, Accra, Ghana
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, School of Applied Sciences and Arts, Accra Polytechnic, Accra, Ghana

Abstract - This paper outlines and stresses the importance of encouraging and embarking on pilot projects before large scale deployment of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the educational sector of Ghana, specifically in Polytechnics. Through a review of relevant literature, the paper targets and focuses on how Polytechnics in Ghana can plan and execute piloting procedures of ICT projects before large scale deployment. Furthermore, using a proposed system-wide approach, the paper provides a guide on how Polytechnics in Ghana can interpret information from ICT pilot project experiences to aid decision making processes (whether to execute large scale deployment or not) and plan procedures for effective deployment of large scale ICTs.

Index Terms - ICT Projects, Large Scale Deployment, Pilot, Project Management, Polytechnics and Ghana

Implementation of Error Control and Correction in Frequency Domain: An OFDM Approach

Pages: 25-29 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (492K)

Priyanka Samanta and Soumyadeep Dutta

Dept. of Electronics and Communication, Ideal Institute of Engineering, Kalyani, West Bengal, India

Abstract - In this paper, we have introduced error-correcting and coding techniques for the binary data that can be derived from the real-number and complex-number fields, infrequency domain. We have implemented our proposed system utilizing digital signal processing methods in order to be operated by the normally available standard programmable digital signal processors. This paper also explains the application of OFDM in our system, operating over a Gaussian, Rician and Rayleigh fading channel with the help of MATLAB simulation. In the course of working with our proposed system and its corresponding simulations, we compared the results obtained by the Bit Error Rates (BER) under variable conditions with other efficient systems using various plots, graphs and diagrams.

Index Terms - AWGN- Additive White Gaussian Noise, OFDM- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, LBC- Linear Block Codes and QAM- Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Restructuring Network Infrastructure with Software Defined Networking

Pages: 30-37 (8) | [Full Text] PDF (420K)

Muhammad Rizwan Ahmad and M. J. Qureshi

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UET, Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract - Home network is very challenging to manage because of the complexity of underlying infrastructure. Network�s underlying complexity is either hidden or exposed by the existing network interfaces, but the visible information is not necessarily helpful for the user to complete the desired tasks. However, underlying network and protocols can be redesigned as a result of advances in software defined networking. As a result of these advances, the designers can move the complexity of the network infrastructure from the user and can also eliminate it entirely. This paper focuses on what can be made visible to the user in the modern home network infrastructure design, performance and some of the policies. We also examine whether changing the underlying network infrastructure without affecting the previous functionality should cause us to refine these choices.

Index Terms - Home Networking, Network Management, Network Monitoring and SDN

iROBO: Robot Which Can See the World

Pages: 38-40 (3) | [Full Text] PDF (413K)

Kiran Nasim, Amna Tahir and Khurram Khurshid

Department of Communication System Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

Abstract - This paper describes the development of a capture and image processing system for a moving mechanism so that it becomes capable of identifying still signboards, human gestures and texts. This research presents a preliminary approach to perform any type of image processing task in MATLAB and then interfacing it with serial port to the microcontroller. The PIC 16F877A has been used for controlling the robot motion. Even though this attempt is aimed at gesture following, the research opens up possibilities for many other algorithms related to signal and image processing that can be implemented using the same low cost hardware.

Index Terms - Robot, MATLAB, Algorithms and Image Processing

IJCST Volume 4, Issue 12, December 2013

Mon, 02 Dec 2013 04:24:40 -0700

Volume 4, Issue 12, December 2013

Experimental Evaluation of Mobile IPv6 for Linux

Pages: 1-6 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (422K)

Jesus Calle-Cancho, David Cortes-Polo, Javier Carmona-Murillo and Jose-Luis Gonzalez-Sanchez

Department of Computing and Telematics System Engineering, University of Extremadura, Spain
Research, Technological Innovation and Supercomputing Center of Extremadura (CenitS), Trujillo, Spain

Abstract - With the continuous development of mobile communications and Internet technology, one of the major challenges is to achieve efficient mobility management in wireless networks. Internet protocols do not support mobility and wireless networking does not provide reliable connections to mobile users for real-time multimedia communications. For this reason, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has developed various protocols for IP mobility management such as Mobile IPv6. In this work we analyze the handover process through handover latency. For this, we have developed a real testbed using Universal Mobile IP for Linux implementation, Cisco routers and Cisco access points. We have also conducted throughput tests with real-time communications such as Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP), analyzing the behavior of the communications when we introduce delays in the access network.

Index Terms - Mobile IPv6, Handover, Latency, Multimedia and Linux

Fair Cloud Management System

Pages: 7-10 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (232K)

Cao Thanh Phuong, Dang Thanh Phuc, Mai Xuan Phu and Cao Dang Tan

University of Science Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

Abstract - Cloud computing offers multiple advantages comparing to "Traditional" computing infrastructures. However, all customer data are stored on a virtual machine (VM) or on a cloud of a service provider (SP). Therefore, service quality and data safety are highly dependent on the SP. It also means that these issues are dependent on SP's privileges on customer's VM. Currently, the rights are not balanced between the SP and the customer on a cloud management system. As a result, the imbalance has granted the SP a number of rights that can cause damage to customer's VM. In such cases, if SP's rights are misused or abused, his customers are highly likely to be adversely affected. To solve this problem, this paper proposed the idea of limiting SP's rights and allowing the customer to prevent the SP from performing dangerous operations on the VM. Our implementation has successfully demonstrated the solution to increase safety for customers while using SP's service. Therefore, the SP is able to acquire competitive advantages in his business.

Index Terms - Cloud Computing, Virtualization, Balance of Rights and Cloud Management System

OTPK PAKE Protocol with TRNG Based Key Generation

Pages: 11-16 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (332K)

Rajneesh pachouri, Ramratan Ahirwal and Dr. Yogendra Kumar Jain

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha (M.P.)

Abstract - In earlier, two smart card based password authentication key exchange protocols were proposed by lee et al. and Hwang et al. respectively. But neither of them achieves two factor authentication fully since they would become complete insecure once one factor is broken. To overcome these two factor authentication problem in password authentication key exchange protocol (PAKE) proposed a new efficient PAKE protocol with the concept of one time private key (OTPK) concept, which achieves fully two factor authentications and provide forward security of session keys. And to generate more strong session keys using true random number generation method for key generation.

Index Terms - OTPK, TTP, 2-Factor, Authentication, Key-Exchange and PAKE

A Machine Learning Model for Stock Market Price Prediction

Pages: 17-23 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (739K)

Osman Hegazy, Omar S. Soliman and Mustafa Abdul Salam

Faculty of Computer and Informatics, Cairo University, Egypt
Higher Technological Institute (H.T.I), 10th of Ramadan City, Egypt

Abstract - In this paper, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), a stochastic population-based evolutionary algorithm for problem solving is presented. PSO algorithm which has been successfully applied in many research and application areas is proposed to optimize least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) to predict the daily stock prices. Stock market prediction is the act of trying to determine the future value of a company stock or other financial instrument traded on a financial exchange. The successful prediction of a stock's future price will maximize investor's gains. The proposed model is based on the study of stocks historical data, technical indicators and optimizing LS-SVM with PSO algorithm. PSO selects best free parameters combination for LS-SVM to avoid over-fitting and local minima problems and improve prediction accuracy. Artificial neural network trained with Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm is used as a benchmark for comparison with proposed algorithm. Results presented in this paper show the potential of PSO algorithm in optimizing LS-SVM.

Index Terms - Least Square Support Vector Machine, Particle Swarm Optimization, Technical Indicators and Stock Price Prediction

Classification of Cognitive Load Identification for User's Preference in Web Learning System using Particle Swarm Optimization Techniques

Pages: 24-28 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (443K)

L. Jayasimman and E. George Dharma Prakash Raj

Department of Computer Application, J.J. College of Engineering and Technology, Trichy, India
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Trichy, India

Abstract - Web based learning systems is a powerful learning environment which provides more benefits to the users compared to traditional learning systems. Web learning systems have effective methods, and adapt a personalized approach based on factors like preferences and emotions. This study emphasizes the system associated with cognitive aspects. Web learning users need innovative methods in the learning system to ensure motivated learning. Web learning system also emphasizes user's cognitive characteristics, experience and demands and so its design requires a thorough understanding of learner's activity to improve the user's cognitive approach based the user's requirements. In this paper user's preferences of web learning system with cognitive load are classified using neural network. To improve the classification accuracy particle swarm optimization is used to optimize the neural network parameters.

Index Terms - Web Learning, Cognitive Load, Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) and Particle Swarm Optimization Classification Accuracy

IJCST Volume 4, Issue 9, September 2013

Mon, 02 Sep 2013 04:24:40 -0700

Volume 4, Issue 9, September 2013

Using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to Improve Polytechnic Education in Ghana

Pages: 1-7 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (371K)

Nana Yaw Asabere

Computer Science Department, School of Applied Sciences and Arts, Accra Polytechnic, Accra, Ghana

Abstract - In the past decade, there has been a tremendous growth of Information and Communication Technology for Education (ICT4E) in the West African sub region and the African continent as a whole. Through the support of both international and local development agencies, several Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Ghana have engaged in introducing, implementing and supporting ICT4E. Using a review of existing and relevant literature, this study aims at providing a description, analysis and guide of how Polytechnics in Ghana can use ICT to improve their education and make such enhancements a reality. Furthermore, the study aims to propose two considerable and adoptable frameworks that can be incorporated as implementation strategies by various Polytechnics in Ghana. Such ICT frameworks will pave the way for the successful implementation of ICT4E in Polytechnics in Ghana.

Index Terms - HEIs, ICT4E, Infrastructure, Policies, Polytechnics, Ghana and ICT4AD

An Efficient Reactive Routing Security Scheme Based on RSA Algorithm for Preventing False Data Injection Attack in WSN

Pages: 8-13 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (289K)

Veena Janardhanan, Arun Jose, Parameshachari B. D., Muruganantham C. and H. S. DivakaraMurthy

Department of ECE, Nehru College of Engineering and Research Centre, Pampady, Thiruvilawamala, Kerala, India

Abstract - Wireless sensor networks are vulnerable to various attacks. Injecting false data attack is one of the serious threats to wireless sensor network. In this attack adversary reports bogus information to the sink which causes error decision at upper level and energy waste in en-route nodes. Several authentication techniques using enroute filtering and cryptographic techniques are used for preventing such attacks. This paper focuses on the design of RSA based security scheme with on demand routing. On- demand routing protocol is used in this scheme to lower the energy consumption. This work evaluates and compares the performance of the network system using RSA algorithm and authentication algorithm. Study and implementation of these security schemes are been carried out using network simulator (ns2) and metrics such as Packet Delivery Ratio, Energy, Throughput. Results are presented as a function of these metrics and the graphs generated show that RSA based security scheme with on-demand routing performs better than the security schemes using authentication algorithms.

Index Terms - False Data Injection, RSA Algorithm, On-Demand Routing, Performance Evaluation and Wireless Sensor Network

Comparative Study of AODV and OLSR Protocols in MANET Network under the Impact of Black Hole Attack

Pages: 14-19 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (535K)

Karim Shamekh and Essam Elden Elfakharany

Computer Science Department, High Technology Institute, 10th of Ramadan, Egypt
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract - Wireless Networks are raising fast today, as users wants to have wireless network anywhere they are located. Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks also named as MANETs became one of the most well-liked wireless networks because it is easy to be deployed and due to its dynamic nature. Existence of MANETs created a new set of demands to be implemented and to provide efficient better end-to-end delay communication. MANET is a collection of mobile nodes that dynamically form a temporary network without the aid of any established infrastructure or centralized administration. It has many numbers of applications mainly in the areas of Sensor Networks (SN), medical military and rescue operations. MANETs works on TCP/IP structure in order to provide the communication between the work stations. Work stations are mobile, that is why the traditional TCP/IP model needs to be modified to compensate the MANETs mobility and provide efficient functionality of the network. Based on that routing protocol, ad-hoc networks are classified into two main categories; Proactive routing protocol such as Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Reactive Routing Protocol such as Ad-Hoc on Demand Distance Vector (ADOV). Despite of routing protocols, the nature of such networks increased threat of attacks while MANETs must have a secure way for transmission and communication which is quite challenging and vital issue. One of the attacks is the black hole attack.

Index Terms - MANET, Ad-Hoc on Demand Routing Protocol (AODV), Open Link State Routing (OLSR) and Black Hole Attack

Hybrid Evolutionary Game Theory in QoS Routing of Wireless Mesh Networks

Pages: 20-28 (9) | [Full Text] PDF (780K)

Dadmehr Rahbari

Artificial Intelligence Group of Mashhad Azad University, Iran

Abstract - Wireless mesh networks are a powerful and reliable solution to create and access wireless broadband services for Internet service providers, network construction, military applications and other end users are considered. These networks have features such as high reliability, low installation cost, wide coverage area and connect to the network automatically. The QoS routing service is a primary problem for wireless mesh networks. Evolutionary game theory by which agents can play optimal strategies in the absence of rationality. Through the process of Darwinian selection, a population of agents can evolve to an Evolutionary Stable Strategy. In this article we have tried to solve this problem by using evolutionary game theory as a hybrid genetic algorithm to optimize the parameters by simulated anneling at lower cost than traditional routing arrived. The results of the simulation and compare it with other optimization algorithms confirms that the evolutionary game parameters can be optimized by the evolutionary algorithms and achieve better results.

Index Terms - Wireless Mesh Networks, QoS Routing, Genetic Algorithm, Game Theory and Simulated Anneling

Acknowledge Enabled Secure Algorithm for Dynamically Updating Programs Installed in Wireless Sensor Nodes

Pages: 29-33 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (462K)

Vishwa Pratap Singh, Kishore Mishra, Jay Shankar Sharma and Ankit shirivastava

Indian Institute of Information Technology, Gwalior, India
Apex Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Abstract - There are several programs installed in wireless sensor nodes, time to time these programs need to update in secure manner, such that any unauthorized person could not update the programs. Sensor nodes have several constraints so we cannot use conventional cryptographic algorithms. In this paper we have proposed an algorithm for updating programs installed in wireless sensor nodes in secure manner. We have used distributed key approach and ECC. We have eliminated the shortcoming, "one sided communication between sensor nodes and base station", present in algorithm from paper secure dynamic program update protocol for ZigBee using ECC.....

Index Terms - Wireless Sensor Networks, ZigBee, ECC and Distributed Key Approach

Performance Analysis of WiMAX Physical Layer under Scrambling Security Threat Using MATLAB Simulation

Pages: 34-41 (8) | [Full Text] PDF (658K)

Muhammad Aamer, Abdul Maalik and M. Junaid Arshad

Department of Electronics, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UET, Lahore-Pakistan

Abstract - In WiMAX environment jamming and scrambling threats can be destroy the Communication. Scrambling is type of jamming and it is more dangerous for WiMAX system because it occurs for very short intervals of time and effect on specific frames or parts of frames. As scrambling effect on specific frames so if it affects control and information frames then there should be great problem in WiMAX Network. Scrambling can also be generated naturally that is why this threat is also important in the WiMAX network. Due to all these scrambling issues, before implementing the WiMAX architecture, we will introduce our scrambling in the WiMAX system then using MATLAB simulation check out its effect on this WiMAX system. In the end we add our descrambler module at the receiver side that is used to discard the scrambling.

Index Terms - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Orthogonal Frequency Division (OFDM), Physical Layer (PHY), MAC, Scrambling and MATLAB

A Review Study on the Privacy Preserving Data Mining Techniques and Approaches

Pages: 42-46 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (294K)

Manish Sharma, Atul Chaudhary, Manish Mathuria and Shalini Chaudhary

Department of CSE, Govt. Engineering College, Ajmer
Department of I.T, Govt. Engineering College, Ajmer

Abstract - With the extensive amount of data stored in databases and other repositories it is very important to develop a powerful and effective mean for analysis and interpretation of such data for extracting the interesting and useful knowledge that could help in decision making. Data mining is such a technique which extracts the useful information from the large repositories. Knowledge discovery in database (KDD) is another name of data mining. Privacy preserving data mining techniques are introduced with the aim of extract the relevant knowledge from the large amount of data while protecting the sensible information at the same time. In this paper we review on the various privacy preserving data mining techniques like data modification and secure multiparty computation based on the different aspects. We also analyze the comparative study of all techniques followed by the future research work.

Index Terms - Privacy and Security, Data Mining, Privacy Preserving, Secure Multiparty Computation (SMC) and Data Modification

IJCST Volume 4, Issue 8, August 2013

Sat, 10 Aug 2013 04:24:40 -0700

Volume 4, Issue 8, August 2013

Design and Implementation of Flow-Level Simulator FSIM for Performance Evaluation of Large Scale Networks

Pages: 1-10 (10) | [Full Text] PDF (1088K)

Yusuke Sakumoto, Hiroyuki Ohsaki and Makoto Imase

Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Asahigaoka 6-6, Hino, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1-1 Sanwa, Sanda, Hyougo 669-1595, Japan
National Institute of Information and Communica-tions Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan

Abstract - In this paper, we propose a flow-level simulator called FSIM (Fluid-based SIMulator) for performance evaluation of large-scale networks, and verify its effectiveness using our FSIM implementation. The notable feature of our flow-level simulator FSIM is fast simulation execution compared with a conventional flow-level simulator. For accelerating simulation execution speed, our flow-level simulator FSIM adopts an adaptive numerical computation algorithm for ordinary differential equations. Another features of our flow-level simulator FSIM are accuracy and compatibility with an existing network performance analysis tool. For improving simulation accuracy, our flow-level simulator FSIM utilizes accurate fluid-flow models. In this paper, through extensive experiments using our FSIM implementation, we evaluate the effectiveness of our flow-level simulator FSIM in terms of simulation speed, accuracy and memory consumption. Consequently, we show that our flow-level simulator FSIM out-performs a conventional flow-level simulator; i.e., it realizes ap-proximately 200%-2,000% faster simulation with higher accuracy and less memory consumption than a conventional flow-level simulator.

Index Terms - Flow-Level Simulator, Fluid-Flow Model, Large Scale Network, Performance Evaluation and Simulation

An Ontology-Driven Decision Support System for Wheat Production

Pages: 11-17 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (736K)

Sahjanan Yousef Mawardi, Mohamed Hashem Abdel-Aziz, Ahmed Mohamed Omran and Tarek Ahmed Mahmoud

Military Technical College, Egypt
Faculty of Computers and Information, Ain Shams University, Egypt
Faculty of Computers and Information, Fayoum University, Egypt
Egyptian Armed Forces

Abstract - This paper presents an ontology-driven decision support system for Syrian Wheat production. Wheat is the most important staple food commodity in the country and is consumed primarily as bread. It is also the country�s only strategic food security commodity, and is treated accordingly. This paper also aims to develop criteria for Wheat production ontology and concentrates on Wheat diseases, control methods, Wheat issues and strategies. Rule-based reasoning system and ontology proved to be able to cope with some difficulties and to face several problems related to Wheat domain. The developed ontology would be a knowledge base and a role stone for advanced research knowledge management in Wheat domain. Moreover, it is so important for the decision makers to know the opportunities to capture them and to avoid the threats that could negatively affect the Wheat production.

Index Terms - Wheat production, Ontology, Rule based System and Decision Support System

Separation of Mixed Audio Signals Using Independent Component Analysis

Pages: 18-20 (3) | [Full Text] PDF (590K)

Akingbade Kayode Francis and Michael O. Kolawole

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

Abstract - This paper presents a simple method that dealt with independent component analysis and Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter in separating convolutive mixtures. The original source was retrieved from the set of filtered versions of each mixed signals using independent component analysis method as well as filtering mixture of voices (audio) recorded in a noisy environment.

Index Terms - Independent Component Analysis, Adaptive Filtering, Convolutive Mixture and Audio Signal

Redundancy with OSPF Sham-Link

Pages: 21-25 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (605K)

Mohsin Khan

Faculty of Telecommunication Engineering and Environment, Birmingham City University England, UK

Abstract - In modern world, network technology has witnessed a great progress. The enterprise networks are now being connected to public internet to benefit from it and to increase their business productivity. Internet Service Providers provide high bandwidth connection to enterprise to connect all of its sites, however a disconnection for any reason with the service provider can be disastrous for enterprise. Clever business enterprises always make sure that they have a backup connection to keep all of their sites connected in case of any loss of connection to the main service provider. In this research work we address the issues related to redundancy between the business sites running OSPF routing protocols as their internal routing protocol and BGP on the MPLS based service provider network. For quick implementation and better understanding of readers, the proposed network design is implemented with Dynagen Simulator. The research work aims to provide some helpful guidelines to students and network engineers on redundancy in scalable enterprise networks.

Index Terms - OSPF Sham-Link, BGP, MPLS and Frame Relay

Availability of Information Resources for Research Output: Perception of Academic Staff Members in Nigerian Federal Universities

Pages: 26-33 (8) | [Full Text] PDF (330K)

OKIKI, Olatokunbo Christopher

University of Lagos Library, University of Lagos, Nigeria

Abstract - The volume of information resources potentially available in the globe is massive; hence it becomes necessary to examine available information resources for academics research activity in the academia. This study, therefore, examined the perception of academics on availability of information resources for research productivity in federal universities in Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was adopted. The Multistage sampling technique was used to select 1,057 academic staff members from twelve federal universities in the six geo-political zones of Nigeria. The categories of academic staff covered in the study were from professorial cadre to graduate assistant. The instruments used for data collection were: Availability of Information Resources (r= 0.69) and Research Productivity of Academics (r=0.91). Eight hundred and seventy-three copies of the questionnaire were used for analysis. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. There was no significant relationship between availability of information resources and academics research productivity. The mean score of information resources availability was adequate in Nigerian federal universities libraries ( x'=2.41; SD = 0.90) which means that information resources were readily available to academics for research productivity. To further sustain academic staff research productivity, librarians should organize continuous awareness program on availability of information resources to increase research productivity of academics.

Index Terms - Research Productivity, Academic Staff, Availability of Information Resources and Nigerian Universities

Implementation of MAC Layer Security Protocol in WiMAX Using OMNET++ Simulator

Pages: 34-43 (10) | [Full Text] PDF (599K)

Abdul Maalik, Mamoona Naz and M. J. Qureshi

Department of Computer Science, University of Lahore, Lahore-Pakistan

Abstract - WiMAX IEEE 802.16 is stated as worldwide interoperability for microwave access intended to facilitate the interoperation and adaptation of wireless MAN. WiMAX is capable of providing high data output and low delays in different modes of operation. For these reasons WiMAX is useful in organizational and end-client structures. Before the last upgrade in the standard of WiMAX i.e. privacy and key management version 2 (PKMv2) WiMAX was not considered fully secure. The standard cannot handle the security threats associated with MAC and physical layers even after mutually authenticating the base station and mobile station. There are two objectives for WiMAX security, first is to improve privacy over the wireless link and second obligation is delivering access control effectively to the network. To achieve these objectives a better key management scheme and effective security model of WiMAX must be designed. From security perspective the Identity Based Cryptography (IBC) has advantages in improving the security and effectiveness of the standard. Little research work has been devoted in a complete and competent security solution. Objective of this thesis is to handle different security issues like replay attack, man in the middle and denial of service, implement the security protocols and algorithms using OMNET++ simulator. Different security algorithms are implemented together to enhance the existing security protocol. Every attack is partitioned according to its type, its likelihood and its impact on the system so the protocol is implemented to deal with these attacks accordingly.

Index Terms - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Privacy and key Management Version 2 (PKMv2), Identity Based Cryptography (IBC) and Medium Access Control Layer (MAC)

Signature Verification Based on Texture Features of Image

Pages: 44-49 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (267K)

Saba Mushtaq and Ajaz Hussain Mir

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, NIT Srinagar, India

Abstract - Signatures are one of the most important and commonly used tools for human identification. This paper proposes an offline signature verification method based on texture analysis of the image. A sample of signatures is used to represent a particular person. For each known writer sample of fifteen genuine signatures are taken. Forged signatures are also used to test the efficiency of the system. For each signature gray level run length matrix features are extracted and the inter-class distances and intra class distances have been calculated. For each test signature the intra-class threshold is compared to the inter-class threshold for the claimed signature to be verified using Euclidean distance model. Results showed that signature texture feature can be reasonably used for personal verification. Texture based feature extraction technique consistently outperformed the traditional grid based feature extraction technique. Accuracy of 85% was achieved with the Euclidean distance classifier with FAR and FRR as low 13.33% and 16.4%.

Index Terms - Accuracy, FAR, FRR, Signature Verification and Texture Analysis

IJCST Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2013

Wed, 10 Jul 2013 04:24:40 -0700

Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2013

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping: Issues and Approaches

Pages: 1-7 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (718K)

Mohsen Mahrami, Md. Nazrul Islam and Ramin Karimi

Faculty of Computer Science and Information System, University Technology Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia

Abstract - Nowadays, with technological advances in the science of robotics, We've seen building the robots to work autonomously in other planets, under seas and oceans and each unknown environments. Considering that the robots do not have any information about the environment, should have the ability to build environment map on the move and also estimate its location on that map correctly. This action is called Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). Mapping is to obtain a model of the robot environment, and localization is to estimate the position of robot in obtained map. For building map, we need to acknowledge about location of robot and for localization we need to map (chicken and egg problem), so the SLAM is a hard and famous problem in robotic word. In this study, we will explain related issues and parameters that are necessary for investigate and work on the SLAM problem.

Index Terms - Simultaneous Localization and Mapping, SLAM and Robots

Sensor Node Localization based on Local Observations using Finite Element Method in Wireless Sensor Network

Pages: 8-13 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (487K)

Hrishikesh Tripathi and Rahul Shukla

Department of Computer Science & Engineering, S. R. Group of Institutions, Jhansi (UP), India

Abstract - Location information of sensor node is necessary in wireless sensor network since data transmission between nodes may be senseless without knowing the accurate locations of the nodes in network keeping in the view of various applications of WSN such as military surveillance, localization, tracking, battlefield monitoring, structural health monitoring, routing etc. In this paper, we propose to investigate the physical field model for location estimation, i.e., localization, in the form of partial differential equation (PDE). Within the proposed framework, the estimation algorithm of sensor node localization problem using finite element method (FEM) has been employed to obtain the solution based on physical phenomena (e.g., temperature) governed by discretizing the 1-D heat equation. The computational results illustrates that the significant effect and better accuracy using elegant finite element approach by means of simulation results.

Index Terms - WSN, Localization, Heat Equation and FEM

Efficient Grid-Based MANET Routing Protocol

Pages: 14-22 (9) | [Full Text] PDF (706K)

H. Al-Maqbali, K. Day, M. Ould-Khaoua, A. Touzene and N. Al-Zidi

Sultan Qaboos University, Oman

Abstract - We propose a new reliable MANET routing protocol which uses a logical two dimensional grid. The proposed protocol is called Efficient Grid-based Routing Protocol (E-GRP). E-GRP is based on the GRID routing protocol [1]. The main new features of E-GRP compared to GRID is the ability to work with different cell sizes by giving approximately same results in term of average end-to-end delay, number of overhead packets and delivery ratio in different cell side lengths. It does that by resolving path disconnected problem in grid-based routing protocols. E-GRP also has an efficient election approach comparing to GRID routing protocol. Simulation results show that E-GRP outperforms GRID in terms of average end-to-end delay and delivery ratio for different cell sizes.

Index Terms - Ad-Hoc, MANET, Routing and E-GRP

Implementation and Analysis of Cognitive Radio System using MATLAB

Pages: 23-28 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (438K)

Eeru R. Lavudiya, Dr. K.D. Kulat and Jagdish D. Kene

ECE, Department V.N.I.T., Nagpur, India

Abstract - The growing demand of wireless applications has put a lot of constraints on the usage of available radio spectrum which is limited and precious resource. If scanning of a radio spectrum including revenue rich urban areas, shows that some frequency bands in the spectrum are largely unoccupied most of the time, some other frequency bands are partially occupied and the remaining frequency bands are heavily used. This leads to an underutilization of radio spectrum. This underutilization of radio spectrum is minimized by the Cognitive Radio. Cognitive Radio is a promising technology which provides a novel way to improve utilization of available electromagnetic spectrum efficiently. Cognitive Radio refers to wireless architectures in which a communication system does not operate in a fixed band, but rather searches and finds an appropriate band in which to operate. Spectrum sensing helps to detect the spectrum holes (underutilized bands of the spectrum) providing high spectral resolution capability. In this paper, we investigated the idea of simulating a cognitive radio system to reuse locally unused spectrum to increase the total system capacity. This work focuses on the practical implementation of a Cognitive radio system. To test the performance of Cognitive radio, simulation has been carried out using MATLAB R2011a.

Index Terms - Cognitive Radio, Spectrum Sensing, Matched Filter, Cyclostationary Feature Detection and Energy Detection

A Survey on Software Testing: Technique, Comparison and Analysis

Pages: 29-34 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (280K)

Junaid Khan, Riaz Ullah Khan, Faheem khan and Shafaat Raza

Gandahara University Peshawar, Pakistan
University of Malakand, KPK, Pakistan
University of Sunderland, UK

Abstract - In software testing it is adequate if testing methods are only evaluated on error identifying ability but they can also be compared upon to test which among them increases reliability. To ascertain a check for the constructive testing, we require calculating present narratives of testing methods not only for usefulness and effectiveness but also for their capability of increasing software testing reliability. Actually, software engineering is a main platform for many studies and can investigate a wide research in the selected subject and can be broadly implemented with various methods concerning a various responses all through the development cycle, which are proposed for many problems and aims at, as testing is a famous validation method in engineering and business.

Index Terms - Software Testing, Techniques, Comparison and Issues

A Simulation-Based Performance Evaluation of AODV and DSR in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs)

Pages: 35-38 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (274K)

Olusegun O. Omitola, Tolulope T. Oladimeji and Patrick O. Oshevire

Department of Computer Engineering, AFE Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, AFE Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Abstract - This work evaluates and compares the performance of two reactive routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks: Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). The study focuses on the design and evaluation of routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks. Study and implementation of these protocols are been carried out using network simulator (ns2) and metrics such as Packet Delivery Fraction, Average end-to-end Delay, Routing overhead and Normalized Routing are used for performance analysis. Results are presented as a function of these metrics and the graphs generated show that DSR performs better than AODV when fewer nodes are been used.

Index Terms - Performance Evaluation, Routing Protocols, Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks, AODV, DSR and NS2

A Survey on Multicast Routing: Comparison, Analysis and Evaluation

Pages: 39-47 (9) | [Full Text] PDF (365K)

Shafaat Raza, Riaz Ullah Khan and Faheem khan

Gandahara University Peshawar, Pakistan
University of Malakand KPK, Pakistan
University of Sunderland, UK

Abstract - Multicasting plays a particular part in various applications of mobile ad-hoc network (MANET). It extensively advances the effectiveness of this network, a capability of the channels and the consumption of energy in battery. The pervasive exercise of non static and little instruments that can be carried and becoming extremely famous in Mobile Ad-hoc Network do not require any permanent infrastructure assist for communication of data. The number of points in mobile ad-hoc network work as both end node and a router. This survey is an excellent survey of multicasting and we identify many issues related to multicasting. Multicasting is the capability to carry information to multiple users at the similar instance multicasting is the communication of information set of data to more than one number of points allotment of one multicasting address. The transmitters and recipients form the multicast group. In fact, there could be more than one transmitter in a multicast group, so it is group-oriented computation. As we know that multicast communication is very essential for several application of MANET. In this survey, we will offer classification techniques of Multicasting in MANET, followed by the explanation of the protocol.

Index Terms - Multicast Routing, MANET, Comparison and Evaluation

Null Value Estimation in Web Environment by Using Fuzzy Rule Based K-Mean Clustering

Pages: 48-52 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (479K)

Swati Agrawal

Department of Computer Science, All Sents Engineering College, Bhopal

Abstract - In the Web environment web log file capture operational data generated through internet for analysing user's browsing behaviour and many other security issues. The captured operational data is useful for build use profile, web designing and acts as evidence in web forensic and many other security issues. In real world there are lots systems that participate in web environment having incomplete information because of that web log file affected through noise which lead many of inconvenience. Estimation and handling of these noises in web log is major issue in web forensic and other web related security issue. For evaluating that incomplete information null value estimation is very precious technique. This paper proposed a null value estimation technique based on fuzzy rule based k-means algorithm to deal with that noise. Proposed technique enhances the performance of k-means clustering algorithm by encapsulating advantage of fuzzy rule over that.

Index Terms - Web Mining, Web Log, Null Value and Log Parser

IJCST Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2013

Mon, 10 Jun 2013 04:24:40 -0700

Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2013

A Novel Link Quality and Interference Aware On Demand Routing Protocol in Wireless Mesh Networks

Pages: 1-7 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (683K)

Michel Mbougni and Obeten O. Ekabua

Department of Computer Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa

Abstract - Designing routing metrics has a significant impact on performance in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). During the implementation of routing protocols, routing metrics are assigned to different paths and the calculation of the best paths is a function for predicting the best routing path. This paper proposes an enhancement to the Multi-Hop Effective Bandwidth (MHEB) routing metric commonly used in WMNs. The proposed routing metric, called improved Multi-Hop Effective Bandwidth (iMHEB), considers the wireless link asymmetry to improve the MHEB routing metric. The proposed routing metric is implemented into the reactive routing protocol Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and it achieves efficient link quality and interference awareness. An OPNET based simulation results show that the iMHEB routing metric has greater throughput compared to MHEB and the Weighted Cumulative Expected Transmission Time (WCETT) routing metrics.

Index Terms - Link Quality, Interference and Routing Metrics

Effect of Missing Value Methods on Bayesian Network Classification of Hepatitis Data

Pages: 8-12 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (232K)

Nazziwa Aisha, Mohd Bakri Adam and Shamarina Shohaimi

Mathematics Department of University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia
Department of Biology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia

Abstract - Missing value imputation methods are widely used in solving missing value problems during statistical analysis. For classification tasks, these imputation methods can affect the accuracy of the Bayesian network classifiers. This paper study's the effect of missing value treatment on the prediction accuracy of four Bayesian network classifiers used to predict death in acute chronic Hepatitis patients. Missing data was imputed using nine methods which include, replacing with most common attribute, support vector machine imputation (SVMI), K-nearest neighbor (KNNI), Fuzzy K-means Clustering (FKMI), K-means Clustering Imputation (KMI), Weighted imputation with K-Nearest Neighbor (WKNNI), regularized expectation maximization (EM), singular value decomposition (SVDI), and local least squares imputation (LLSI). The classification accuracy of the naive Bayes (NB), tree augmented naive Bayes (TAN), boosted augmented naive Bayes (BAN) and general Bayes network classifiers (GBN) were recorded. The SVMI and LLSI methods improved the classification accuracy of the classifiers. The method of ignoring missing values was better than seven of the imputation methods. Among the classifiers, the TAN achieved the best average classification accuracy of 86.3% followed by BAN with 85.1%.

Index Terms - Bayesian Network Classifiers, Missing Data, Imputation, Hepatitis Dataset, Classification and Data Mining

Performance Enhancement of MAC Layer Protocol of WLAN using TDMA

Pages: 13-17 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (409K)

Tazeem Ahmad Khan, M. T. Beg and M. A. Khan

Department of ECE, F/o Engg & Tech., JMI, New Delhi, India
E&C Dept., F/o Engg & Tech., JMI, New Delhi, India
Electrical Engg Section, F/o Engg & Tech., JMI, New Delhi, India

Abstract - In this paper, simulation and analysis the performance of existing MAC layer protocol and hybrid MAC with TDMA protocol in wireless local Area Network is presented. The demands of WLAN Devices day by day increases exponentially and it operates in the specific narrow spectrum of frequency bands and also increase communication parameters programmed and control over most modern wireless devices. In this simulation, we present a MAC protocol based on IEEE 802.11g standard in the DCF mode and DCF with TDMA mode which are useful to improve packet collision in traditional wireless networks. In this analysis, improved performance with TDMA base MAC layer is compared without TDMA. Here we used simulation through using NS-2 Simulator.

Index Terms - DCF, MAC and TDMA

Analyzing the Impact of Service Quality Antecedents on Customer Satisfaction: The Case of Foreign Users of China Mobile Services in Shanghai

Pages: 18-25 (8) | [Full Text] PDF (370K)

Jean Pierre MIAHOUAKANA MATONDO

Glorious Sun School of Business and Management, Donghua University-1882, West Yan'an Road, Shanghai, China

Abstract - Among other sectors such as trade, financial affairs, economics, shipment, and IT appliances, Shanghai has become one of the fastest growing and largest international metropolises in the world. With its 500 thousand foreign residents, Shanghai has been ranked as the city with the highest rate of international residents in China. Unfortunately, there are no appropriate or tailor-made service packages within China's mobile telecom services allocated to foreign users of the mobile communication industry in Shanghai. The current paper aims to find out about the key factors of the mobile telecommunication industry, which are strongly correlated to customer satisfaction in China. The exploratory study is primarily based on data collected among China Mobile's foreign users in Shanghai. The sample consists of 259 foreign residents randomly selected from the population frame offered by the ones who have settled down in Shanghai. Although the findings of this study are specific to China Mobile, they can also be generalized to other companies operating in this business area in China. Suggestions are also offered for further research.

Index Terms - Customer Satisfaction, Service Quality, China's Mobile Telecommunication, China Mobile and Shanghai China

Adaptive Denoising of CFA Images for Image Demosaicking

Pages: 26-31 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (646K)

Dr. Sachin D. Ruikar and Sandip M. Kasar

EXTC Department, Sinhgad Academy of Engineering, Pune, India
ME EXTC [VLSI & Embedded System], Sinhgad Academy of Engineering, Pune, India

Abstract - In single sensor digital color cameras at each pixel it captures only one of the three primary colors so the full color image is obtained by interpolating all other missing color samples at that pixel this process is the color demosaicking process. When we capture the images using digital cameras there is some sensor noise is introduced in image. This type of noise is introduced in all type of digital cameras that is low cost to high cost. So in reconstructing the images there are different strategies used to obtain the good quality images. Basically there are three different strategies, first strategy is demosaicking the image and after that denoise the image but in that process the artifacts occurs in initial color demosaicking method is hard to remove in subsequent denoising process. Second strategy is joint denoising demosaicking and third strategy is denoising before demosaicking so here last strategy is used. In this paper here first denoise the CFA image to remove sensor noise for that here use PCA based adaptive denoising method and after that demosaicking the image with nonlocal adaptive thresholding method. So here main advantage of this implementation is that by the use of Principal component analysis (PCA) based denoising this algorithm remove the sensor noise and by using the Nonlocal adaptive thresholding for demosaicking it reconstruct good quality images which having sharp color transition in it.

Index Terms - Adaptive, Denoising, Demosaicking and Nonlocal

Parallelization the Job-shop Problem on Distributed and Shared Memory Architectures

Pages: 32-36 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (942K)

Vu Dinh Trung and Tran Van Lang

Faculty of Information Technology, Lac Hong University
Institute of Applied Mechanics and Informatics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology

Abstract - The paper presents the parallel algorithm for solving the scheduling problem. This algorithm is implemented in the distributed memory multi-computers, and with each machine using CPU - GPU shared memory architecture, so that the time to complete the work as quickly as possible. This algorithm is based on the branching algorithm approach for searching. The experimental results for the scheduling problem were calculated with large data. From that determines the threshold of input data of the problem in order to the computation time is minimum.

Index Terms - Schedule, Job-shop Problem, Parallel, Distributed System and GPU

Performance Evaluation on Classification of Remote Sensing Images

Pages: 37-40 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (303K)

G. Sakthi and Dr. R. Nedunchezhian

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, TamilNadu, India

Abstract - In this paper, the performance of the classifier for classifying the Remote Sensing (RS) images is evaluated. The variety, type and extent of land cover throughout a region can be estimated through satellite remote sensing. This meets a need common to ecological applications. Land cover classification is undertaken through RS images acquired by multispectral sensors. In this study, Walsh Hadamard transform was used for feature transformation of the RS images and information gain for feature reduction. The features selected were classified using Naive Bayes, k Nearest Neighbor, J48 decision tree and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The classifiers were evaluated using a Subset of Salinas dataset consisting of corn_senseced_green_wees and Lettuce_romaine_5wk.

Index Terms - Remote Sensing (RS) Images, Salinas Dataset and Support Vector Machine (SVM)

Face Recognition Using Singular Value Decomposition along with Seven State HMM

Pages: 41-46 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (779K)

Dr. Sachin D. Ruikar and Mrs. Anagha A. Shinde

E&TC Department, Sinhgad Academy of Engineering, Pune, India
ME E&TC [VLSI & Embedded System], Sinhgad Academy of Engineering, Pune, India

Abstract - This paper presents a new approach using Hidden Marko Model as classifier and Singular Values Decomposition (SVD) coefficients as features for face recognition. As face is a complex multi-dimensional structure and needs good computing techniques for recognition and it is an integral part of biometrics. Features extracted from a face are processed and compared with similar faces which exist in database. The recognition of human faces is carried out by comparing characteristics of the face to those of known individuals. Here seven state Hidden Markov Model (HMM)-based face recognition system is proposed. A small number of quantized Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) coefficients as features describing blocks of face images. SVD is a method for transforming correlated variables into a set of uncorrelated ones that better expose the various relationships among the original data item. This makes the system very fast. The proposed method is compared with the existing techniques. The proposed approach has been examined on ORL database and some personal database. The results show that the proposed method is the fastest one, having good accuracy.

Index Terms - Face Recognition, Singular Value Decomposition and Hidden Markov Model

A Proposed Campus Building Process in Cloud Computing

Pages: 47-50 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (311K)

Shadi R. Masadeh and Nidal M. Turab

Al-Huseein Bin Talal University, Isra University, Amman - Jordan

Abstract - A good understanding of the cloud computing technology, its components and their interrelationships is crucial for decision makers who intend to adopt this novel technology. Towards the end-goal of establishing a simple cloud computing platform which satisfies some of the scientific needs of the academic and research community within the academic institutions, in this paper we propose a simple design of a cloud computing platform for a school or a University and illustrate the components of this platform and their interrelationships. This paper helps to better understanding of the technology that enables the academic community to perform research experiments on clouds in order to design more efficient portals and gateways for the clouds, and facilitate the adoption of this novel computing.

Index Terms - Cloud Computing Technology, Building and Research Community

Digital Image Watermarking Techniques: A Survey

Pages: 51-55 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (612K)

Meenu Singh, Abhishek Singhal and Ankur Chaudhary

Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

Abstract - Due to the recent progress in internet technology and evolution of very high speed networks operating everywhere, protection of digital content is must. So, it has become a tough task to protect copyright of an individual's creation. The purpose of digital watermarking is to incorporate concealed information in multimedia content to ensure a security amenity or simply a labeling application. This paper then categorizes the various watermarking techniques into numerous categories dependent upon the domain in which the concealed data is inserted. We have also provided the comparative analysis of these techniques that can help us to know the positive and negative of these techniques. This comparison can further be used to improvise and propose various new techniques for the same.

Index Terms - Watermarking, DCT, DWT, Spatial Domain, Frequency Domain, Fast Curvelet Transform and Multichannel DWT

Secure Analysis for Secure Routing protocols over MANET

Pages: 56-60 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (172K)

Pradnya Patange and S.P. Medhane

Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering, Pune, India
Department of Information Technology Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering, Pune, India

Abstract - Security is one of the important aspects in mobile ad-hoc network (MANET). Also routing algorithm in MANET is dissimilar than traditional routing. This paper provides limits of traditional routing protocols if used to MANET. This paper also describes routing protocols at this time used in MANET and place focus on security analysis of routing protocol over quite a lot of possible security attacks such as Attacks by means of alteration, Denial of Service attacks, Wormhole attacks, Impersonation attacks, Attacks by means of fabrication, Rushing Attacks etc. lastly this paper emphasis on requirement for more robust protocol to identify wormhole attacks.

Index Terms - MANET, Routing Algorithms, Security Analysis, Secure Routing Protocol and Network Lifetime

Latent Semantic Analysis Method Used for Mobile Rating and Review Summarization

Pages: 61-67 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (377K)

Jayashri Khairnar and Mayura Kinikar

Department of Computer Engineering, MIT Academy of Engineering, Pune University, Pune, India

Abstract - With the evolution of web technology, there is a huge amount of data present in the web for the internet users. These users not only use the available resources in the web, but also give their feedback, thus generating additional useful information. Opinion Mining is a process of automatic extraction of knowledge from the opinion of others about some particular topic or problem. Opinion Mining or Sentiment Analysis is a Natural Language Processing and Information. In this paper, design and develop a mobile rating and review summarization in mobile environment using latent semantic analysis (LSA) in support vector machines. Support vector machines and latent semantic analysis is implementing to develop rating and review summarization. Rating and review information is use sentiment analysis and feature based summarization. For classi?cation use support vector machine (SVM), it performs the sentiment classi?cation task also consider sentiment classification accuracy. Propose a Latent semantic analysis (LSA) to identify product features. Latent semantic analysis (LSA) is based on filtering mechanism; also ?nd a way to reduce the size of summary based on the product feature which is obtained from Latent semantic analysis (LSA).

Index Terms - Text Mining, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Sentiment Classification, Feature Extraction and Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA)

IJCST Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2013

Sun, 05 May 2013 04:24:40 -0700

Volume 4, Issue 5, May 2013

A Comparative Study of Handoff Schemes in Vehicle to Infrastructure Using Mobile WiMAX

Pages: 1-7 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (570K)

Zilole Simate

Electrical Department, School of Engineering, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia

Abstract - With the increase in user mobility, there is need for seamless handover when mobile applications and services are being used especially in the context of vehicular Ad-Hoc networks (VANET), in order to enhance the user experience thus affecting the quality of service. This paper looks at VANET with WiMAX with a vehicle moving at speeds of up to 120 km/h. Real time applications like Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) and Video conferencing have stringent requirements on delay. The network layer that is being considered in this case is IPv6. In the case of VoIP this affects echo and speech overlap in the system. In order for services requiring low delays, various handoff schemes have been proposed which includes FMIPv6 and HMIPv6 which deal with latencies due to movement anticipation and care of address configuration, and signaling delays respectively. A simulation study is done in order to evaluate the handoff latency using fast hierarchical handover for Mobile IPv6, of which different handoff times are observed.

Index Terms - Handoff Latency, Fast Handover, VANET and WiMAX

Performance Evaluation of Biorthogonal Filters using Adaptive Synthesis Filter Banks for Image Compression

Pages: 8-11 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (271K)

Abdul Nadeem and Yangyu Fan

School of Electronics and Information, Northwestren Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China

Abstract - This paper evaluates the performance of various biorthogonal filters using adaptive synthesis filter banks for image compression. The adaptive synthesis filter banks are used to exploit the phase diversity of synthesis filters in subband coding system. Odd length biorthogonal filters are used because even length filters exhibit fractional delay in compression. It is shown that adaptive synthesis filters derived from higher order biorthogonal filters with higher degree of smoothness display significant objective improvements over lower order biorthogonal filters in image compression.

Index Terms - Biorthogonal Filters, Smoothness, Adaptive Synthesis Filter Banks, Objective Performance and Reconstruction Error

Design of LFC and AVR for Single Area Power System with PID Controller Tuning by BFO and Ziegler Methods

Pages: 12-17 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (551K)

Ahmad M. Hamza, Mohamed S Saad, Hassan M. Rashad and Ahmed Bahgat

Electrical Power and Machines Department, Cairo University, Gama Street, Giza, Egypt

Abstract - This work presents two method for designing the parameters of PID controller, the first is Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) algorithm, and the second is Ziegler method for tuning the parameters of PID controller of Load Frequency Control (LFC) and Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) for single area interconnected power system, The proposed controller is used to tune the LFC and AVR .The LFC loop controls real power &frequency and AVR loop controls reactive power & voltage. To maintain the system parameters of the given system at nominal value, PID tuning by BFO and Ziegler is proposed. This paper is proposed to show the interaction between the LFC and the AVR loops. The system with its control method is going to implement in MATLAB software. The interaction between frequency deviation and voltage deviation is analyzed in this paper. System performance has been evaluated at various loading disturbances. This paper describes the design, implementation and operation performance of PID controller as part of the combined loop of AGC & AVR for single area power system.

Index Terms - Load Frequency Control (LFC), Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR), BFO (Bacterial Foraging Optimization), Ziegler Method and (Integral of Square Error) ISE

Virtual Touch - Human Computer Interaction at a Distance

Pages: 18-24 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (398K)

Prasanna Dhisale, Puja Firodiya, Priyanka Gawade and Manjiri Mahamuni

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, Nigdi-44, India

Abstract - In computing, a Natural User Interface, or NUI, is the common term used by designers and developers of computer interfaces to refer to a user interface that is effectively invisible, or becomes invisible with successive learned interactions, to its users. The word 'Natural' is used because most computer interfaces use artificial control devices whose operations have to be learned. A NUI helps a user to quickly transit from novice to expert. On the same way, we present Virtual Touch, a new vision-based interaction system. Virtual Touch uses computer vision techniques to extend commonly used interaction metaphors, such as multi touch screens, yet removes any need to physically touch the display. The user interacts with a virtual plane that rests in between the user and the display. On this plane, hands and fingers are tracked and sequences of gestures are recognized in a manner similar to a multi touch surface....

Index Terms - Virtual, Blobs, Multi-Touch, HCI and NUI

Towards a Perspective of Web Application Vulnerabilities and Security Threats

Pages: 25-33 (9) | [Full Text] PDF (339K)

Nana Yaw Asabere and Wisdom Kwawu Torgby

Computer Science Department, School of Applied Sciences and Arts, Accra Polytechnic, Accra, Ghana

Abstract - The rapid and tremendous growth of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has increased access to web applications. This increased access has paved the way for disadvantageous security and vulnerable threats in the form of attacks in web applications. Various detection and prevention techniques have been proposed by researchers in the field of web applications and technologies development. Through relevant literature and existing research, this paper presents a viewpoint of different web application vulnerabilities and security threats and also outlines some open research issues in accordance to the state-of-the-art.

Index Terms - Attacks, Security, Threats, Vulnerabilities and Web Applications

Performance Evaluation of ATM Networks with Round Robin and Weighted Round Robin Algorithm

Pages: 34-37 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (427K)

B.K. Gupta, S.C. Sharma and Jyothi Sethi

Galgotias College of Engg. & Tech., Greater Noida-201 306, India
IIT Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur-247 001, India
Uttarakhand Technical University-248 007, India

Abstract - The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Network is believed to be capable of supporting various services with drastically different traffic characteristics and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. The deployment of integrated services with a broad range of burstiness characteristics and their integration through statistical multiplexing has focused a great deal of attention on the impact of priority scheduling on ATM networks. Provision of QoS guarantees is an important and challenging issue in the design of ATM networks. This paper presents a simulation study devoted to comparing the performance of two different classes of service viz, Available Bit Rate (ABR) and Variable Bit Rate (VBR) services for a range of priority scheduling Algorithms with bursty and non bursty traffic. The two scheduling algorithms simulated and analyzed in this work are Round Robin (RR) and Weighted Round Robin (WRR). The algorithm performance is measured in terms of three QoS parameters namely Cell Blocking Ratio, Cell Delay and Throughput. The results of our performance study shows that the WRR scheme has better performance in comparison to the RR scheme.

Index Terms - ATM Network, Quality of Service, Round Robin, Weighted Round Robin, Cell Blocking Ratio, Cell Delay and Throughput

A Strategy for Question Interpretation in Question Answering System

Pages: 38-43 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (393K)

Syarilla Iryani A. Saany, Ali Mamat, Aida Mustapha and Lilly Suriani Affendey

Faculty of Informatics, Universititi Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technolgy, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract - A Question answering (QA) system aims to pull exact and precise answer for Natural Language (NL) question. To extract answer from the text corpus or knowledge base, the QA system has to understand exactly what the question is. Ambiguity may arise when NL question contains modifier term which needs to compare and evaluate its semantic dimension. Therefore, a strategy for an evaluation metrics of the associated modifier term is proposed in this paper. The identified metrics may make possible to regulate using user modeling (UM) and relevance feedback (RF) mechanisms. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated by using the standard information retrieval measurement on the Geoquery datasets.

Index Terms - Question Answering System, Question Analysis, Ontology, Relevance Feedback and User Modeling

Performance Evaluation of SVM - RBF Kernel for Classifying ECoG Motor Imagery

Pages: 44-48 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (391K)

S. Deepajothi and Dr. S. Selvarajan

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chettinad College of Engineering and Technology, Karur, Tamilnadu, India
Muthayammal Technical Campus, Rasipuram, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract - Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) provide a non-muscular channel to communicate with the outside world by means of brain activity. A crucial step for efficient BCI operation is brain signal processing methods. Most BCI systems for humans use scalp recorded electroencephalographic activity, whereas Electrocorticography (ECoG) is a minimally-invasive alternative to electroencephalogram (EEG), providing higher and superior signal characteristics allowing rapid user training and faster communication. Its efficiency is based on brain signal processing methods that classify brain signal patterns in different tasks accurately. Artifacts in raw brain signal make it necessary to pre-process signals for feature extraction. This paper presents a BCI system pre-processing and extracting features from ECoG signals through the use of Symlet Wavelets. Signal classification is done using Support Vector Machine (SVM) with Radial Basis Function (RBF).

Index Terms - Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), Electrocorticography (ECoG), Symlet Wavelets, Support Vector Machine (SVM) with Radial Basis Function (RBF)

Architecture of a Character Recognition System Based on Ontology

Pages: 49-55 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (485K)

Aicha Eutamene, Mohamed Khireddine Kholladi and Hacene Belhadef

NTIC Faculty, University of Constantine 2, Algeria

Abstract - The current revolution in the World Wide Web by using the notion of ontology has influenced in many domains of scientific research such that the domains that try bring a semantic to data and treatment; character recognition is one of these domains. In this paper we present new architecture of character recognition system that is characterized by using a domain ontology created by an expert; this ontology plays an intermediary role (bridge) between the low-level data and ones of high-level. The purpose behind this role is to bridge the semantic gap between these two types of data.

Index Terms - Character Recognition, Grapheme, Ontology and Semantic Gap

A Survey on Caching, Replication and Crowdsourcing in Mobile Environment

Pages: 56-65 (10) | [Full Text] PDF (351K)

Kshama Raichura, Nilesh Padhariya, and Kishor Atkotiya

Shree M. & N. Virnai Science College, Gujarat, India
Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science, Gujarat, India

Abstract - In this new era of technology, the mobile devices are available with various features. The main functionality of the mobile devices became effective information sharing i.e. information access on every finger touch, which makes the whole world small. The information sharing is done through various platforms like social networking, cloud computing, peer-to-peer communications and so on. Nowadays the mobile phones are not used just for basic communication as they are available with various features same like any other computing devices. For example, a mobile phone has capacity to store various databases and facility to access information over the networks. The main contribution of this survey include (a) the applicability of mobile databases, (b) the caching and the replication in mobile environment, and (c) the crowdsourcing i.e. outsourcing in the crowd.

Index Terms - Caching, Replication, Crowdsourcing, Mobile Databases and Mobile Environment

IJCST Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2013

Fri, 05 Apr 2013 04:24:40 -0700

Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2013

Performance Analysis of Cluster Based Secure Multicast Key Management in MANET

Pages: 1-4 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (240K)

Vineetha S. H. and Shebin Kurian

School of Information Technology & Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, TamilNadu, India

Abstract - Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a group of wireless nodes join together to form a network without a defined architecture. It is formed dynamically as the nodes are mobile in nature. This characteristic of MANET could lead to insecure information exchange. Applications in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) such as military or public emergency network require secure multicast communication. Multicasting supports group oriented communication. A cluster based system provides easy key management within a cluster or a group. In such an interaction system, a new member can join and a current member can leave at any time. This overcomes the issues of energy consumption, end to end delay, unreliability with high packet drop rate and low key delivery ratio. Also, the communication among the existing members can be made secure by using an efficient key management technique. The proposed method is efficient and more suitable for secure multicast communication dedicated to operate in MANETs. Performance analysis of non-clustered and clustered method of key management in MANET is done.

Index Terms - Clustering, Hybrid Encryption, Multicasting and Secure Key Distribution

A Novel Feature Extraction Model Using Learnable Evolution Model

Pages: 5-9 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (282K)

M. Elemam. Shehab, K. Badran, Gouda I. Salama and M. Zaki Abdel Mgeed

Egyptian Armed Forces, Egypt
Azhar University, Egypt

Abstract - In this paper, we presents a new classification algorithm called( LEM+ID3) and extending our previous work, which is based on the techniques from the learnable evolution models (LEM) to improve convergence and accuracy of the algorithm and use of ID3 in order to construct the tree used in classification. We converted LEM from optimization domain to classification domain and then examine the feature extraction problems and show that learning evolutional can significantly enhance the performance of pattern recognition systems with simple classifiers. We have applied this model to real world datasets from the UCI Machine Learning databases to verify our approach and compare our proposed approach with other reported results. We conclude that our algorithm is able to produce classifiers of superior (or equivalent) performance to the conventional classifiers examined.

Index Terms - Feature Extraction, Pattern Recognition, Learnable Evolution Model and Dynamic Threshold Classifier

Performance Degradation of Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network in the Presence of Non Cooperative Nodes

Pages: 10-13 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (302K)

R. Juliana and Dr. P. Uma Maheswari

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chettinad College of Engineering and Technology, Karur, India
Department of Computer science and Engineering, Info Institute of Engineering, Coimbatore, India

Abstract - Recently Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has gained research interest for remote area monitoring and tracking in unattended environments. WSN may be heterogeneous to provide resources and aggregation of resources will be helpful for efficient distributed computing. Sensor nodes in WSN are used to collect application specific data, perform some pre computing and send the computed values to sink nodes or base station where the application resides. Usually message sending is done by multi hop forwarding. Since each node is battery powered, the major goal of WSN is to maximize the battery life time. Among the different types of routing methods cluster based routing is the best one for energy conservation. But some of the nodes either do not cooperate for routing and forwarding the data or perform malicious activities such as fabrication, content alteration and Denial of Service attacks. In this paper the performance degradation of WSN due to non cooperative nodes is studied. Simulation result shows that performance is degraded in a significant level when some nodes of WSN are non cooperative.

Index Terms - Wireless Sensor Networks, Cluster Based Routing, Non Cooperative Nodes and Performance Degradation

A Survey on Software Security Testing Techniques

Pages: 14-18 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (151K)

Abdullah Saad AL-Malaise AL-Ghamdi

Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing & Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract - This article briefs a survey on software security techniques. Software security testing is not the identical as testing the correctness and competence of security functions implemented by software, which are most frequently verified through requirements-based testing. These tests are important; they expose only a small piece of the depiction needed to verify the security of the software. Security testing is necessary because it has a distinct relationship with software quality. Software meets quality requirements related to functionality and performance, it does not necessary mean that the software is secure.

Index Terms - Software Security, Assurance, Reliability and Recoverability

Face and Gait Fusion Methods: A Survey

Pages: 19-28 (10) | [Full Text] PDF (408K)

Manhal S. Almohammad, Gouda I. Salama and Tarek A. Mahmoud

Syrian Armed Forces
Egyptian Armed Forces

Abstract - Biometric authentication of a person is highly challenging and complex problem. Face and gait identifications in video have received significant attention. Consequently, their identification problems have challenges due to their large varying appearances and high complex pattern distributions. However, the complementary properties of these two biometrics suggest fusion of them. Face identification is more reliable when the person is close to the camera. On the other hand, gait is a suitable Biometric trait for human identification at a distance. In this paper we have discussed multimodal biometrics to increase the security level. With the fusion of multiple biometrics we can minimize the system error rates, Moreover, we have mentioned some of the most recent algorithms developed for this purpose and attempts to give an idea of the state of the art of face and gait recognition technology and a brief overview of Biometric methods, both unimodal and multimodal, and their advantages and disadvantages, will be presented.

Index Terms - Face Recognition, Gait Recognition, Fusion Levels and Biometric Authentication

Performance Analysis of SRTLD and BIOSARP Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Pages: 29-34 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (192K)

M. GhanaatPisheh Sanaei, H. Zamani and B. Emami Abarghouei

Faculty of Computer Science and Information System, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor-81310, Malaysia

Abstract - With the growing of wireless network technology researchers find that Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one the newest technology to make the life more comfortable and interesting. Security is needed to ensure the communication between the sensor node which is already a part from the same network and not outside intruder or attacker. To guarantee implementing the security in wireless sensor network, there are many protocols coming into the picture; this project selects the recent two protocols SRTLD and BIOSARP for critical analysis and investigation. After comparing the power consumption and delivery ratio to guarantee long life time for sensor node and to ensure the wireless senor network is working probably. According to what we reviewed there is an essential need to critical analyzes the recent security protocols in WSNs to determine which protocol is suitable for each network and application type. Two different security protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSN) will be analyzed to study the most effective protocol. After implementing BIOSARP and SRTLD using NS-2 simulator the project found that SRTLD is better energy consumption by 16.82%, but in delivery ratio BIOSARP is better by 4.21%.

Index Terms - Secure Real-Time with Load Distribution, Biological Inspired Self-Organized Secure Autonomous Routing Protocol, Power Consumption and Wireless Sensor Network

An Assessment on Active Queue Management in Mobile Ad-hoc Network

Pages: 35-37 (3) | [Full Text] PDF (187K)

Kajal Yadav and Prof. Gaurav Shrivastava

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, RKDF Institute of Science & Technology, Bhopal

Abstract - The RED queue management algorithm achieves high throughput and low average delay by detecting and avoiding the incipient congestion. The detection of incipient congestion is based on calculation of average queue length and RED parameter settings. To avoid the congestion in the network, operators should have a priori estimations of average delay in congested routers, which is difficult to estimate in Mobile Ad hoc Network due to uncertainty in changing the network conditions. To achieve high throughput and low delay, it needs constant tuning of parameters according to the current traffic condition. Our goal in this paper is to achieve high throughput and low delay in congested network by efficient parameter adjustment and continuous tuning of queue parameters according to the changing of network condition.

Index Terms - Throughput, AQM, Ad-hoc Network and QoS

IJCST Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2013

Tue, 05 Mar 2013 04:24:40 -0700

Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2013

Online Modules: Novel Model in Serial-Based Method of Software Copy Protection

Pages: 1-9 (9) | [Full Text] PDF (219K)

M. GhanaatPisheh Sanaei, H. Zamani, B. Emami Abarghouei and A. Ghadiri Hakimi

Faculty of Computer Science and Information System, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor 81310, Malaysia

Abstract - One of the most important concerns of software corporations is to protect their products against unauthorized copying. Since all the researchers proposed some copy protection models that all of them have weakness to protect against unauthorized copying. The goal of this study is to propose a new model of serial-based method with more security against illegal usage. This paper offered Online Module model in serial-based method that it spilt the software in two parts. Fist part run in client and second part run in web service, when the software needs to use the second part then the software connect to the web service and the server then checks the software license. If the license has been valid then run the second part. This model compares with online activation models in serial-based method and the results show the proposed model is more secure against unauthorized copying.

Index Terms - Unauthorized Copying, Serial-Based Method, Online Modules Model and Software Protection

New Algorithm for SIP Flooding Attack Detection

Pages: 10-19 (10) | [Full Text] PDF (514K)

Dahham Allawi, Alaa Aldin Rohiem, Ali El-moghazy and Ateff Ghalwash

Military Technical Collage, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract - Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services are based on standardized and open technologies (i.e., SIP, H.323) using servers reachable through the Internet, implemented in software and provided often over general purpose computing hardware. Therefore, such services can suffer from various security threats as denial of service attacks. In this paper we present a new hybrid (anomaly and misuse) SIP flooding attack detection algorithm, which overcomes the existing problems in many of other detection algorithms. The proposed algorithm is tested using simulated traffic datasets, and compared with three well known anomaly algorithms and one misuse detection algorithm. The test results show that the new algorithm has high detection accuracy and high completeness.

Index Terms - VoIP Security, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), Denial of Service (DoS) and Intrusion Detection System (IDS)

The Switch Hierarchical Network Design Model (SHiNDiM): a Mechanism for Identifying and Determining the Correct Switch for the Appropriate Position in the Network Layer

Pages: 20-24 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (257K)

Jameson Mbale

University of Namibia, Centre of Excellence in Telecommunications (CoE), Department of Computer Science, P/B 13301, Windhoek, Namibia

Abstract - Designing and developing a reliable and stable network required installing the right switches in the correct positions of the hierarchical network layers. The identification, acquisition and determination of the right switches required the expertise of highly skilled and qualified network Engineers. However, employing and maintaining such expertise in some of the ICT companies is very challenging. As a result, some companies had to employ less skilled employees in building such a network. Therefore it became a major challenge for less skilled Technicians to identify and determine the right switches for the correct positions within the network layers. It was in view of this challenge that the Switch Hierarchical Network Design Model (SHiNDiM) was fashioned to serve as a tool that automatically identified and indicated the positions of the various switches that were to be installed. The SHiNDiM architecture which used the SHiNDiM SEMINT Specific Parser (SSSP), was intelligently trained to retrieve the targeted switch features. Therefore this tool helped the Technicians who simply entered the variables to be processed and which produced indicators showing the respective positions of switches in the hierarchical network layers.

Index Terms - Switch Features, Switch Hierarchical Network Design Model (SHiNDiM), Switch Position and SHiNDiM SEMINT Specific Parser (SSSP)

Data Classification for Recognizing the Web Application

Pages: 25-28 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (252K)

Tran Thi Dung, Trinh Ngoc Minh and Tran Van Lang

Information Security Lab, Vietnam National University - HCM City
Institute of Applied Mechanics and Informatics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology

Abstract - The paper presents a solution to distinguish the different applications running on port 80 with HTTP protocol; from that helping firewall to detect the attack and to try to prevent it. This is relatively a typical problem, by there are many different applications such as game, and download, video, etc. are running on HTTP port 80. Filtering based only on port 80 would not realize which application is unallowed and which application is allowed. The solution of this paper is recording all network transactions when the application is running; building a module which analyzes the information, and then organize them into vector information using some of related parameters; using classification C5.0 algorithm (upgrade of C4.5 algorithm) to produce a decision tree; firewall uses this decision trees to identify/distinguish the applications. The testing results on the computer network system of the Information Security Lab (ISeLAB) using 230 transactions; the accuracy reached 99.5%.

Index Terms - Firewall, Behavior IDS, Data Mining and HTTP

Implementation of Spectral Subtraction Noise Suppressor Using DSP Processor

Pages: 29-33 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (569K)

Anil Chokkarapu, Sarath C. Uppalapati and Abhiram Chintakuntla

Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden

Abstract - Surrounding noise and interference will effects the quality of speech during communication. To remove this effect and to improve the quality of speech signal, speech enhancement is one of the most used branches of signal processing. For reduction of noise in speech signals, spectral subtraction can be used and it also requires Voice Activity Detection (VAD) to detect the speech components for a given particular instinct of time. This paper deals with real-time implementation of Spectral Subtraction using Weighted OverLap Add (WOLA) filter bank to suppress noise. From the results, it can be analyzed that the noise is efficiently suppressed using spectral subtraction method and Power spectral density (PSD) of noise suppressed signal obtained from MATLAB and Digital Signal Processor (DSP) kit are studied and compared.

Index Terms - WOLA, DSK6713, Spectral Subtraction and VAD

Adaptive Web Service Composition Based on Interface Description

Pages: 34-40 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (233K)

Y. Oussalah and N. Zeghib

LIRE Laboratory, Computer Science Departmrnt, University of Mentouri, Algeria

Abstract - Web services have received much interest due to their potential to design and build complex inter-enterprise business applications. A particular interest concerns dynamic Web services composition that offers the opportunity for creating new Web services at runtime from those already published. In this paper we focus on mismatches occurring during dynamic composition of Web services. These mismatches require adaptation to insure the correct working of the involved components in the service composition. We propose an approach for dynamic and automatic composition and adaptation of Web services. The approach is based on the information that is already available in interface descriptions. The approach allows programmers to define dynamic Web service composition and adaptation without changing the source code.

Index Terms - Web Service, Dynamic Composition, Interface Description and Adaptation

Design,Verification and Implementation of Enhanced PKM WiMAX Authentication Protocol

Pages: 41-46 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (514K)

Ahmed Mohamed El-Amin, Salah El-agooz, Alaa El -Din Rohiem Shehata and Essam Abd-Elwanees Amer

Abstract - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax/ IEEE 802.16), is new technology based on wireless metropolitan area network. Privacy Key Management (PKM) protocol is responsible for providing the secure distributions of keying data from Base station (BS) to Subscriber station (SS). PKMv1, PKMv2, and enhanced PKMv1 described with formal analysis and verified using Scyther tool [1]. PKMv1 is vurnable to replay, DOS, Man-in-the middle attacks since there is no mutual authentication. The proposed design is more secure to prevent the network from the previous attacks. A simple implementation is done using Wireless Open Access Research Platform (WARP) and programming language C#.NET.

Index Terms - Authentication, Authorization, Base Station, Connections, Encryption, IEEE 802.16, Methods and Mobile Station

An Efficient Decoding of Low Density Parity Check Codes Based on Variable Node Layering

Pages: 47-54 (8) | [Full Text] PDF (391K)

LAOUINI Nassib, BEN HADJ SLAMA Larbi and BOUALLEGUE Ammar

SYSCOM Laboratory, ENIT, Tunisia
INNOVCOM Laboratory, SUPCOM, Tunisia

Abstract - Layered decoding is known to provide efficient and high-throughput implementation of LDPC decoders. The Check-Node Layered Belief Propagation (CL-BP) algorithm is a modification of Belief Propagation algorithm (BP), where the check nodes are divided in subgroups called layers and each iteration is broken into multiple sub-iterations. Some simplifications can also be made to lower the complexity of both BP and CL-BP algorithms, and particularly the complexity of the check node update rule. In this paper, we consider The Check-Node Layered Belief Propagation (CL-BP) decoding and propose efficient Variable-Node Layering (VL-BP) for updating extrinsic information based on corrective terms. Simulation results show that good performance can be achieved, and which can even be improved by the addition of a normalization term or an offset adjustment term.

Index Terms - Layered decoding, CL-BP, VL-BP and Min-Sum VL-BP

Noise Suppression using Local Parameterized Adaptive Iterative Model in Areas of Interest

Pages: 55-59 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (642K)

I. Suneetha and T. Venkateswarlu

ECE, AITS, Tirupati, India
ECE, SVUCE, Tirupati, India

Abstract - Digital Image Processing means processing of digital images by using a computer via algorithms. Noise corrupts the image during sensing with malfunctioning cameras, storing in faulty memory location, or sending through a noisy channel. Sometimes intensity of noise with which an image can be corrupted is different in its various areas. The main objective of this paper is to develop a faster and better algorithm for suppressing salt and pepper noise in different areas of interest from noisy images. This paper proposes a method for noise suppression using a Local Parameterized Adaptive Iterative Model in areas of interest. The proposed method provides good results subjectively as well as objectively for both gray scale and true colour images. The proposed method is useful for interactive image processing applications as it has a family of possible denoisy images for a single noisy image.

Index Terms - Digital Image Processing (DIP), Parameterized Adaptive Iterative (PAI), Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Area of Interest (AOI)

The State of the Art Recognize in Arabic Script through Combination of Online and Offline

Pages: 60-66 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (395K)

Dr. Firoj Parwej

Department of Computer Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)

Abstract - Handwriting recognition refers to the identification of written characters. Handwriting recognition has become an acute research area in recent years for the ease of access of computer science. In this paper primarily discussed On-line and Off-line handwriting recognition methods for Arabic words which are often used among then across the Middle East and North Africa People. Arabic word online handwriting recognition is a very challenging task due to its cursive nature. Because of the characteristic of the whole body of the Arabic script, namely connectivity between the characters, thereby the segmentation of An Arabic script is very difficult. In this paper we introduced an Arabic script multiple classifier system for recognizing notes written on a Starboard. This Arabic script multiple classifier system combines one off-line and on-line handwriting recognition systems. The Arabic script recognizers are all based on Hidden Markov Models but vary in the way of preprocessing and normalization. To combine the Arabic script output sequences of the recognizers, we incrementally align the word sequences using a norm string matching algorithm. The Arabic script combination we could increase the system performance over the excellent character recognizer by about 3%. The proposed technique is also the necessary step towards character recognition, person identification, personality determination where input data is processed from all perspectives.

Index Terms - Recognizer Output Voting Error Reduction (ROVER), Preprocessing, Arabic Scripts, Recognizers and Starboard

Design and Development of a Framework to Mitigate DoS/DDoS Attacks Using IPtables Firewall

Pages: 67-72 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (319K)

Koushik Chatterjee

Sir Padampat Singhania University, Udaipur, India

Abstract - A DoS (Denial of service) attack is characterized by an explicit attempt to prevent the legitimate use of a service. These attacks overwhelm the processing or link capacity of the target sites by saturating them with bogus packets. Such attacks can seriously disrupt legitimate communications. These attacks can disrupt the availability of Internet services completely, by eating either computational or communication resources through sheer volume of packets sent from distributed locations in a coordinated manner or graceful degradation of network performance by sending attack traffic at low rate. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks, when an attacker attacks from multiple source systems, it is called a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack. The actual owners are usually not aware of their system being used in a DDoS attack. DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks are amplified form of DoS attacks where attackers direct hundred or even more zombie (Slave) machines against a single target. DDoS attacks have two phases: Deployment and Attack phase. DDoS program must be deployed on one or more compromised hosts before attacks are possible. The several mechanisms are available to mitigate DoS/DDoS attacks. In this paper, it is proposed a design of a framework or a mechanism for defending against Denial of Service attacks, have become one of the major threats to the operation of the Internet today. The IPtables is a Linux kernel based packet filter firewall. IPtables modules are present in the kernel itself, there is no separate daemon for it. This makes it very fast and effective firewall. The IPtables rules control the incoming and outgoing traffic on a network device. This design will be based on firewall for detecting and preventing the most harmful and difficult to detect DoS attacks. The firewall that can distinguish the attack packets (containing source addresses) from the packets sent by legitimate users, and thus filters out most of the attack packets before they reach the victim. The firewall scripts are written using command-line tool IPtables in Linux to deny the suspicious traffic. Packet sniffer tool will be used to display the effectiveness and performance of the scripts in mitigating the various kinds of DoS attacks.

Index Terms - DoS/DDoS, Firewall, Iptables and Packet Sniffer Tool

IJCST Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2013

Tue, 05 Feb 2013 04:24:40 -0700

Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2013

Chaotic Encryption Based PGP Protocol

Pages: 1-8 (8) | [Full Text] PDF (335K)

Mazen Tawfik Mohammed, Alaa Eldin Rohiem, Ali El-moghazy and A. Z. Ghalwash

Military technical College, Cairo, Egypt
Higher Technological Institute, Cairo, Egypt
Helwan University, Egypt

Abstract - E-mail service is one of the most important Internet services. E-mail security includes confidentiality, authentication, message integrity, non-repudiation. Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) and Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (S/MIME) are email security protocol. They are used to provide security services for email system. PGP is widely used as de facto protocol for securing e-mail. The used algorithms in PGP suffer from problems such as low performance and weakness in encryption. The chaotic encryption system is new trend in cryptography. This paper focuses on designing a new cryptosystems based on chaotic system which makes the complexity of breaking more than the default so the new cryptosystem is more secure. The used chaotic system is built on Lorenz system with random initial conditions which increase the randomness of output sequences. The proposed technique is integrated with the PGP protocol. It is implemented using c# programming language and open source for OpenPGP. The results of proposed system tests show that the security and performance are improved.

Index Terms - PGP, S/MIME, Chaotic and E-mail

Business Process Collaboration: A Fragment-based Approach using Connectors

Pages: 9-14 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (262K)

Mounira Zerari

New Technology of Information and Communication Faculty, Mentouri2 University, Constantine, Algeria

Abstract - Contemporary enterprises and their business processes are becoming more dynamic, distributed and complex. However, traditional information systems struggle with requirements to provide interoperability due to the dynamic and heterogenous nature of the modern business environment. Modularity concern is a common strategy to a lower application complexity: it results in modules that are easy to maintain, to adapt, and to replace. In this paper, we propose a new approach based on process fragments. We consider a process fragment as an independent part of process. Each activity is encapsulated in an entity named artifact. These artifacts have an interface, a function and manual instruction described with very expressive formal languages that manage high level concepts. On the other hand, the autonomy and heterogeneity of business partners require approaches to describe relations, interactions and collaboration between concerns and to reconstruct the full business process. Thus, this approach investigates this issue by adopting the notion of connectors in order to increase the reusability and to adapt the notion of artifact to the context of partners.

Index Terms - Business Process Fragment, Artifact, Interoperability, Business Process Collaboration and Business Process Interaction

A Color Watermarking Scheme Based on Conway Game

Pages: 15-19 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (343K)

Aiman M. Ayyal Awwad

Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Tafila Technical University Tafila, Jordan

Abstract - This paper presents a new watermarking scheme based on Two Dimensional Cellular Automata Game-of-Life for color images in spatial domain. This scheme utilizes the live cells of Game-of-Life generations, in which the two most significant bits of gray watermark pixels are embedded into the color host image pixels in the blue component. The proposed scheme depends on the positions of cells that have the value of one in Game-of-Life generations. The watermark extraction can be performed without the original image, and watermark image is hidden inside the original image. Simulation results demonstrate that the watermark is not visible in watermarked image. The proposed method is secure to resist any passive attacks even though the algorithm is open and robust against various image processing operations.

Index Terms - Game-of-Life, Image Watermarking and Two Dimensional Cellular Automata

Performance Evaluation of Different Topologies for Network Coding in Adhoc Network

Pages: 20-23 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (298K)

Ibrahim Khider, Khalid Hamid Bilal and AHoyaida Elwasila

Sudan University of Science and Technology, Department of Electronics, Sudan
Sudan University of Science and Technology, Sudan

Abstract - Network Coding is a new field for research, which has been growing rapidly. Its ability for improving network throughput and robustness enhancement. Hence the allow coding at intermediate nodes between the source and the receivers in one or multiple communication sessions. In the paper a simulation of different topologies and traffic patterns have been conducted in order to provide better understanding of network coding behavior .The results show that network coding has advantages over flooding show in improved Packet Delivery Ratio. We observed that the performance using network coding is strongly dependent upon the topologies. The study concluded that this methodology might be the promising solution to gradually eliminate the variety of drawbacks of the system as a whole.

Index Terms - Wireless Adhoc Network, Network Coding, RLNC and Simulation

Analyzing the Performance of MAODV, ODMRP, MOSPF and PIM in Mobile Adhoc Networks

Pages: 24-29 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (379K)

Karthika A. Nair, Greeshma Vidyadharan T., P. Revathi and Usha Devi G.

VIT University, Vellore, TamilNadu, India

Abstract - Mobile adhoc networks are flexible networks consisting of nodes which are mobile and without a wired infrastructure. Due to its dynamic topology, it supports upcoming group applications like spontaneous joint activities and emergency operations. Different multicast routing protocols have been proposed for ad hoc networks each having certain levels of difficulties for routing during mobility of nodes and band-width constraints. Here, a simulation of a set of wireless adhoc multicast protocols is evaluated under various network scena-rios. The relative pros, cons, and area of application of each multicast protocol to different situations are analyzed using parameters like throughput, packet delivery ratio and average end-to-end delay. The Multicast routing protocols like ODMRP (On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol), MAODV (Multicast Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector), PIM (Protocol Indepen-dent Multicast) and MOSPF (Multicast Open Shortest Path First) are considered for the evaluation and the simulation is performed using QUALNET.

Index Terms - Multicast Routing Protocols, ODMRP, MAODV, MOSPF and PIM

Performance Evaluation of Modulation Schemes Used for Digital Microwave Communication Systems

Pages: 30-32 (3) | [Full Text] PDF (263K)

ADINDE Chibuzor Abel, OBI Onyebuchi Charles, Dr. OKOROGU V. N. and NWALOZIE G. C.

Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria

Abstract - This study examines the performance of the modulation schemes used in digital microwave communication systems. The bit error rate (BER) performance of different digital modulation schemes is evaluated without taking bandwidth into account, to determine the BER suitable for the energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eo/No) through additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. The results showed that the higher order modulation rates are able to offer much faster data rates and higher levels of spectral efficiency for the microwave communications system, but are considerably less resilient to noise and interference.

Index Terms - Digital Modulation, Bit Error Rate, Energy Per Bit To Noise Power Spectral Density, Receive Signal Level, Additive White Gaussian Noise Channel and Link Budget

A Mobile Client Application for a Legacy System Adapted as a Web Service

Pages: - (-) | [Full Text] PDF (321K)

M. Gharzouli

Faculty of New Technologies of Information and Communication, Mentouri 2 University of Constantine, Algeria

Abstract - During these last years, the use of the web technologies, to involve the Information System of the enterprises, becomes an essential factor to define a new business model. Among these technologies, web services and mobile applications have gathered to integrate existing heterogeneous systems such as e-commerce, e-services hub and e-learning. However, the design and the modeling of mobile client application, on the one hand, and their integration with the existing programs, on the other hand, are still two points open for discussion. The main problem is related to the development technologies that can be used for integrating the existing applications in a new view of the Information System. In this context, the discussion is intended towards the use of technologies based on web services. In This paper, we present a case study to develop a client mobile application for a Web service that is generated from a legacy system.

Index Terms - Web Services, Legacy System, Mobile Applications and Reuse of Existing Applications

A Protected and Preserve Database for Development of Business

Pages: 39-41 (3) | [Full Text] PDF (148K)

Riaz ullah Khan

University of Sunderland, UK

Abstract - It is very important in business or in industry to preserve and protect your data. The need to improve a protected database is important for the accomplishment of a business. To make protected the system from the threats it is important for the development team to be very proactive in developing the database.

Index Terms - Protected Database, Need of Business and Database Security

Signal Losses and Allowable Optical Received Power Prediction Based on Different Visibilities for Optical Wireless Communication Links

Pages: 42-48 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (303K)

Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed

Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menouf 32951, Menoufia University, Egypt

Abstract - Infrared wireless communication possesses two main attractive advantages over its radio frequency counterpart, namely the abundance of unregulated spectrum in 1.3 �m�1.55 �m region and the ease with which the infrared radiation can be confined. Integrating microwave electronics and optics, it is possible to provide wideband communication services but it is well known that the signal level in an optical wireless receiver is weakest at the front end. This paper presented allowable signal losses and optical received power prediction based on different visibilities for optical wireless communication links over wide range of the affecting parameters.

Index Terms - Infrared Wireless Communications, Optics Communications, Signal Losses and Wide band Communication Services

IJCST Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2012

Wed, 05 Dec 2012 04:24:40 -0700

Volume 3, Issue 12, December 2012

Scramble PAPR Reduction Algorithms for Fiber Nonlinearity Mitigation in Long Haul Coherent Optical OFDM Systems

Pages: 1-6 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (662K)

Dang Le Khoa, Nguyen Thanh Tu, Nguyen Thi Hong Thu and Nguyen Huu Phuong

Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications, HCM City University of Science, Dist.5, HCM City, Vietnam

Abstract - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique was proved as an effective solution for mitigating chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) effects in long haul optical communication systems. However, the large peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem increases the presence of nonlinear effects, which are proportional to the instantaneous signal power. In this paper, we study selected mapping (SLM) and partial transmit sequence (PTS) technique to reduce peak-to-average power ratio. It is also known as a kind of scrambling technique. They are considered as two better methods because of their distortionless characteristics. The simulation results are also presented in this paper.

Index Terms - OFDM, CO-OFDM, PAPR, SLM and PTS

Using Spin Model Checker for Learning the Semantics of UML Models

Pages: 7-10 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (388K)

Farhan M Al Obisat

Department of Mathematics and Information Technology, Tafila Technical University

Abstract - This study is concerned with the developing criteria for learning the semantics of UML models in an intelligent tutorial system. This is achieved by going through literature and studying the current approaches for checking the semantics of UML diagrams. This paper concerns with the ability of learning the semantics of UML models using formal methods, For this reason this research enhance an existing system for grading UML models called MUML. The result of this work is an enhanced environment for teaching and checking UML behavior using the means of formal methods. Evaluation results on diagram-based learning do its expectations compared to the traditional learning techniques of the students� assignments.

Index Terms - UML Semantics, Learning, Formal Representation, Model Transformation, Spin and Hugo/RT

Congestion Adaptive Hybrid Multi-path Routing Protocol for Load Balancing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Pages: 11-19 (9) | [Full Text] PDF (333K)

P. Rama Devi and Dr. D. Srinivasa Rao

Department of ECE, JNTUH, India
ECE Department of JNTUH CE, Hyderabad, India

Abstract - In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET), the network congestion can rigorously depreciate the network throughput. Also the network congestion results in the packet losses, bandwidth degradation and energy expenditure. Hence a load balancing scheme is required to prevent the network from congestion and exhaustion of resources of congested node. In this paper, we propose a congestion adaptive multi-path routing protocol for load balancing in MANET. When the source node wants to forward the data packet to the destination, it utilizes the reactive route discovery technique where the multiple paths are established using multi-path Dijkstra algorithm. In the discovered route, when any node detects congestion, it intimates the source with congestion notice message. The source node upon receiving the message distributes the data packets through the multiple paths available in its route cache using random transmission technique. If the source does not find any routes in its route cache, then it re-establishes multiple paths and distributes the traffic. By simulation results, we show that the proposed approach alleviates the network congestion.

Index Terms - Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET), Congestion, Routing Protocol and Load Balancing

UESA: An Underwriting Expert System Advisor for Insurance Policies

Pages: 20-31 (12) | [Full Text] PDF (882K)

Nana Yaw Asabere

School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P.R., China

Abstract - The global insurance industry provides investment and supportive insurance services such as: motor/vehicle, fire, home, personal accident, product liability, public liability and professional indemnity. These services are very beneficial to private individuals and companies and critically depend on the actual factors and risks involved in the insurance policy. There are risks involved in taking up or embarking on insurance policies. To analyse all the factors involved in providing insurance to individual or companies is a difficult and time consuming job. Through a design-based research approach, this paper therefore proposes an Underwriting Expert System Advisor (UESA) that allows a less experienced individual judge a particular insurance policy before endorsement. The proposed UESA helps an individual calculate all factors and risks involved in taking on a particular insurance policy and advices which policy is best to be chosen in accordance to the individual�s interests and finance ability. From an insurance perspective of Ghana, the UESA in the paper examines three insurance policies, namely: i) Motor Vehicle Insurance, ii) Personal Accident Insurance, and iii) Travel Insurance. The knowledge-base collected for the UESA proposed in this paper consists of a collection of knowledge from insurance underwriting experts and a website and constitutes a 16 Rule-Based procedure/strategy.

Index Terms - Advisor, Comprehensive, Expert, Insurance, Motor, System, Policy, Third Party, UESA and Underwriting

The Impact and an Analytical Study of Service Quality Measurement in Leading Private Banks of India in Delhi and NCR Region

Pages: 32-38 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (1077K)

Dr. Asif Perwej

Department of Management Studies and Computer Science, Skyline Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, UP, India

Abstract - The subject "quality" is nowadays, in a globalized world, one of the key concerns of businessmen to face the competition on industries and service areas. Financial groups are measuring no efforts to achieve quality excellence, starting by customer services and relationship. Indian banking sector opened its doors to private and international players after the economic liberalization in the year 1991. It has been almost 2 decades of operation of the private banks in India. Much has evolved in the overall structure of banking during this time but have the private banks delivered the type of quality that the customers expect them to. This research is an effort to evaluate the service quality of the private banks in India. The study is based on primary data collected in the cities of Delhi and NCR through a structured questionnaire designed on the basis of SERVQUAL Model. The banks under study are the five top private banks from Delhi and NCR region. The study has found that none of the banks have been able to meet the customer expectations and are still dwelling on the......

Index Terms - Customer Satisfaction, SERVQUAL Analysis, GAP Analysis, Private Sector Banks and Service Quality

Use of Fibers in Long Distance Telecommunication DWDM Systems

Pages: 39-42 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (325K)

CHERIET Abdelhamid, KOUNINEF Belkacem, MOHAMMED BELKACEM kouider and KHEROUA Mohamed

Institut National des T�l�communications et des Technologies, de l�Information et de la Communication, Route es-senia BP 48 31000 Oran, Algeria

Abstract - This paper compares the performances of DWDM system with 04 channels and 10Gb/s per channel with a channel spacing of 50 GHz using a conventional single mode fibre (SMF) or non zero dispersion shifted fiber (NZDSF). NZDSF concern three types of fibers: TeraLight fiber, TrueWave fiber and Corning fiber. For this, a simulation of DWDM system is performed using OptSim software. Chromatic dispersion compensation and non linear phenomenon in the fiber (SPM, XPM Raman SRS) are also included in the simulation. The performances in terms of EYE DIAGRAM and BER are presented to illustrate the limitation transmission for each type of fiber.

Index Terms - Laser, DWDM, Chromatique Dispersion, Non Linear Effects, SPM, XPM, SMF and NZDSF

Detection of Misbehavior Nodes using Efficient Comparison of Multiple Route Set in Performance Routing Protocols in WSN

Pages: 43-49 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (253K)

Vishakha Kale and Veena Gulhane

Department of Wireless Communication and Computing, G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur University, India
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur University, India

Abstract - In WSN, Nodes in the network act as routers and forward messages on behalf of the other nodes. This paper presents a comprehensive simulation study of well know On-demand routing protocols Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV), Table-driven routing protocol Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) with the consideration of the node misbehavior. This problem of node misbehavior can be detected and controlled by different techniques such as Multiple Route Set (MRS) discussed in this paper which is more efficient than other general techniques.

Index Terms - AODVM, MRS, Misbehavior Node, Ad-Hoc Routing Detection Techniques and WSN

Collaborative Spectrum Sensing over Nakagami Fading Channel in Cognitive Radio

Pages: 50-55 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (337K)

Shahoreare Ahmed, Mohammad Alamgir Hossain, Md. Shamim Hossain and Md. Ibrahim Abdullah

International Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh
Islamic University, Bangladesh
Department of CSE, Islamic University, Bangladesh

Abstract - Spectrum sensing is a challenging task for cognitive radio. In this paper we analyze collaborative spectrum sensing over Nakagami fading channel in cognitive radio. Through computer simulation, we evaluate the performance of collaborative spectrum sensing and signal detection by employing OR, AND and MAJORITY rules as decision combining. Energy detection is one of the popular spectrums sensing technique for cognitive radio. Energy detector is used to observe the presence of primary user (PU) signal. Simulation results show that expected higher m gives better performance in Nakagami fading channel in Cognitive Radio. It also shows that collaboration improves the probability of detection to detect PUs signal in cognitive radio (CR) system and OR rule is the best among the hard fusion rules.

Index Terms - Cognitive Radio, Hard Decision Fusion Rules, Collaborative Spectrum Sensing, Nakagami, Fading Channels and Energy Detection

Dynamic Multicast Membership Algorithms for Multi-Channel Multi-Radio Wireless Mesh Network

Pages: 56-61 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (401K)

E. M. E. Zouaoui, L. Derdouri and N. Zeghib

LIRE Laboratory, Computer Science Dept., University of Mentouri, Algeria

Abstract - Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have emerged as one of the new hot topics in wireless communications. The use of multi-channel multi-radio (MCMR) systems can considerably enhance the throughput capacity of a WMN which requires suitable routing approaches and efficient channel assignment (CA) to the different links in order to minimize the interference and maximize the throughput. Multicast is an efficient mechanism that simultaneously delivers identical data to a group of receivers. Several approaches and mechanisms have been proposed to build multicast trees and to do an efficient CA. Existing multicast routing and CA algorithms suppose that the multicast membership is static, whereas, it is dynamic in practice. In this paper, we aim to make the group membership of a multicast tree dynamic i.e. we allow nodes to join and to leave the multicast tree freely without compromising the effectiveness of the CA. Particularly, we propose two algorithms to make a multicast tree dynamic: Node Joining the Multicast session algorithm (NJM) and Node Disjoining the Multicast session algorithm (NDM). We illustrate the use of these algorithms by examples and we show how they maintain the number of relay nodes minimal in order to maximize the throughput which is the paramount priority in WMNs.

Index Terms - Channel Assignment, Dynamic Multicast Membership, Multicast, Multi-Channel Multi-Radio Systems and Wireless Mesh Networks

Application of CART and IBL for Image Retrieval

Pages: 62-66 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (287K)

Vamsidhar Enireddy and Dr. Kiran Kumar Reddi

Department of CSE, JNTU Kakinada, India
Department of Computer Science, Krishna University, India

Abstract - In recent days there is an enormous growth in the storage of digital medical images in the databases. To access these images Content based image retrieval (CBIR) is used as an alternative to automated text based image retrieval approach. In CBIR the input query is in the form of medical image and retrieves diagnostic cases similar to it. To reduce the storage and transmission requirements of the medical images, Image compression techniques are utilized. In this paper, a method has been proposed which integrates image retrieval and compression techniques to minimize the bandwidth utilization. Loseless image compression is obtained using the Haar wavelet. Sobel edge detector and Gabor transforms have been employed for the extraction of the Edge and texture features from the compressed medical images. The classification is done using the Classification and regression tree (CART) and Instance based learner (IBL) and the accuracy obtained is 88% for the CART and 93% for IBL.

Index Terms - Image Retrieval, Image Compression, Data Mining and Algorithm

Planmetric Mapping Using Hand-held GPS

Pages: 67-70 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (152K)

Dr. Nagi Zomrawi Mohammed and Iman Issa

College of Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Sudan

Abstract - Cartography is the art and science of making maps. Until the 1960s, maps were made the time-honored, traditional way: Draw an original map by hand, based on land survey measurements and other information. Print as many copies as you need. That change with the advent of computers, satellite imagery, and Global Positioning System (GPS), made making maps much easier. Most paper maps now are generated or produced on a computer. Now a day, GPS become one of the important tools of map data collection. It preserves time, reduces cost, provides reliable accuracy, digital data transferring and manipulation, more over data can be collected at any time. Survey GPS receiver provides high accuracy compared with hand-held one. At the same time, the later is the much cheaper and is usually used for navigation purposes. This research work is oriented to practically evaluate the field horizontal accuracy that can be obtained using the hand held GPS receiver. Results obtained, showed that the hand held GPS receiver can practically provides horizontal accuracy of about 4m. This result leads to the suitability of using it for collecting data to produce planimetric maps at scale 1:7,500 and smaller.

Index Terms - GPS Receiver, Digital Map, Topographic Map and Planimetric Map

Efficient Thread Mapping in Multicore Architecture with Laxity Based Algorithms

Pages: 71-77 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (328K)

Prerana B. Jaipurkar and Kapil N.Hande

Department of Computer Science & Engg., Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engg., Nagpur, India

Abstract - In real-time systems, a task needs to be performed correctly and timely. The correctness of each computation depends on both the logical results of the computation and the time at which results are produced. So �time� is most important in real-time application systems. Multicore and multithreaded CPUs becomes the new approach in real time system to achieve system performance, power efficiency, and software concerns in relation to application and workload characteristics. Multiprocessor Real time system requires an efficient algorithm to determine when and on which processor a given task should execute. The proposed work presents a comparative study of different customized Multiprocessor scheduling algorithms which maximizes system performance and decides the real time tasks that can be processed without violating timing constraints. A major advantage of the simulation is that it provides a fast and easy way to evaluate the system performance in Real-time system and consider tasks priorities which cause higher system utilization and lowers deadline miss time. To overcome the run-time scheduling and the prioritized-partitioned problems, accomplish a multiprocessor system on chip simulator which is capable of accurately simulating a variety of processor, memory, multiprocessor system on chip configurations and evaluate their effect on real-time system to improve the system performance with the help of different algorithms i.e. FPZL (Fixed Priority until Zero Laxity) & DPZL (Dynamic Priority until Zero Laxity).

Index Terms - - Real Time Operating System, Multi-Processor, Scheduling Algorithm, FPZL and DPZL

IJCST Volume 3, Issue 10, October 2012

Fri, 05 Oct 2012 04:24:40 -0700

Volume 3, Issue 10, October 2012

PSO and ACO Algorithms Applied to Optimizing Location of Controllers in Wireless Networks

Pages: 1-7 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (689K)

Dac-Nhuong Le

Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Vietnam

Abstract - The optimal location of controllers in wireless networks is an important problem in the process of designing cellular mobile networks. In this paper, we propose two new algorithms based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) for solving it. Our objective functions are determined by the total distance based on finding maximum flow in a transport network using Ford-Fulkerson algorithm and pheromone matrix of ants satisfies capacity constraints to find good approximate solutions. The experimental results show that our proposed algorithms have achieved much better performance than previous heuristic algorithms.

Index Terms - Terminal Assignment (TA), Optimal Location of Controllers Problem (OLCP), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Wireless Networks

F-MCHEL: Fuzzy Based Master Cluster Head Election Leach Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

Pages: 8-13 (6) | [Full Text] PDF (216K)

Tripti Sharma and Brijesh Kumar

Department of Information Technology, Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110058, India
Departmentof Information Technology, Lingayas University, Faridabad, India

Abstract - Wireless Sensor Network is the network of power-limited sensing devices called sensors deployed in a region to sense various types of physical information from the environment when these sensors sense and transmit data to other sensors present in the network; considerable amount of energy is dissipated. In this paper, an effort has been done to propose F-MCHEL, a homogeneous energy protocol. In LEACH protocol the clusters are formed randomly on the basis of threshold values; whereas, in the proposed protocol a fuzzy logic approach is used to elect the cluster-head based on two descriptors - energy and proximity distance .Out of these elected cluster heads one Master cluster head has been elected .The cluster head which has the maximum residual energy is elected as Master cluster head. In conventional Leach approach all the Cluster heads are used to sends the aggregated information to the base station, however in the proposed protocol only Master cluster head sends the aggregated information to the base station. Simulation results on MATLAB shows that the proposed protocol provides higher energy efficiency, better stability period and lower instability period as compared to LEACH protocol in spite of overhead of election of Master cluster head. Results obtained shows that an appropriate Master clusterhead election can drastically reduce the energy consumption and enhance the lifetime of the network.

Index Terms - Wireless Sensor Networks, Stability Period, LEACH, Fuzzy Logic and Base Station

Scheduling with RATA Model

Pages: 14-20 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (386K)

Farid Arfi, Jean-Michel Ili� and Djamel-Eddine Saidouni

MISC Laboratory, Computer Science Dept., University of Mentouri, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
LIP6 Laboratory and Computer Science Dept., University Paris Descartes, France

Abstract - In this paper, a timed model called Resource Allocation Timed Automata (RATA) is considered, this model is constructed in compositional manner. Compared to the operational construction, this approach improves the scheduling in both time and memory space. We present two algorithms for finding the shortest paths applied to the RATA model in the case of job-shop problem. A set of benchmarks help us to experiment the efficiency of our approach.

Index Terms - Scheduling, Maximality Semantics, Timed Model and Job-Shop

Machine Learning Classifiers for Human Protein Function Prediction

Pages: 21-25 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (146K)

Manpreet Singh, Dr. Gurvinder Singh and Dr. Karanjeet Singh Kahlon

Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India

Abstract - Protein Function Prediction is important for its numerous applications in the field of drug discovery, gene ontology and its role in the complex structure formation. HPRD (Human Protein Reference Database) database contains the protein sequences for different protein classes. The sequences are accessed from HPRD and then different online tools are used to extract SDFs (Sequence Derived Features) for each protein sequence. In the present paper, two types of databases are considered: one containing the continuous values of SDFs and other containing the discrete values having range of SDFs for particular sequence. The paper summarizes the different decision tree methodologies applied for the problem of Human Protein Function Prediction. The accuracies for different approaches are presented for the specific databases. A new approach based on C5 decision tree is also presented and the results are compared with the existing approaches.

Index Terms - Machine Learning, Decision Tree, HPRD and Protein Function Prediction

Traffic Performance for one Hop Nodes in Wireless Sensor Network

Pages: 26-29 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (221K)

S. Thilagavathi and Dr. B. G. Geetha

Department Of Information Technology, Institute of Road and Transport Technology, Erode 638316, India
Department of CSE, K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, KSR Kalvi Nagar, Thiruchengode-637215, India

Abstract - Advances in communications and computation have ensured development of low-cost, low-power, small sized and multifunctional sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks. Because of its potential in all domains, WSN has turned out to be a popular research area. Quality of Service (QoS) is hard to maintain because of resource limitations and unreliability of transmission. Nodes close to the sink will be affected more in comparison to nodes multi hops away from the sink. This type of network traffic affects queue size and worsens packet loss. Packet scheduling algorithms and active queue management are usually taken recourse to for improving network QoS. In this paper, investigations on the quality of degradation are carried out. The quality degradation of the one hop node compared to nodes multihop away is studied. Investigations on the effect of load balancing at one hop node are carried out.

Index Terms - Wireless Sensor Network, Packet Scheduling, Dynamic Source Routing and One Hop Nodes

The Academia VPN Information Interaction on Internet and Mobile Media (AI3M2) on the Institutional Networking

Pages: 30-32 (3) | [Full Text] PDF (154K)

Jameson Mbale

University of Namibia, Centre of Excellence in Telecommunications (CoE), Department of Computer Science, P/B 13301, Windhoek, Namibia

Abstract - In any society, efficient and effective handling of information is a cornerstone for economic development. In this way, the Academia VPN Information Interaction on Internet and Mobile Media (AI3M2), a versatile system which exploits institutional data utilizing the Internet and mobile media for the Institutional communities in the country is envisaged. The (AI3M2) harmonizes the Virtual Private Network (VPN), Intranet, parser, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) / Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) routers, SMS Server and mobile phone technologies to envisage the most intelligent, efficient, effective, and convenient way of sourcing and outsourcing useful and relevant data for the users. The institutional data reservoir stores heterogeneous information resources ranging from the traditional databases to semi-structured data. The parsers extract the relevant information from the reservoir and transmit them into the router. From the received data, the router performs various kinds of task determined by the application of data. The router converts network transmission data formats as well managing data transfer to the VPN. (AI3M2) applies a spoke and wheel mechanism to manipulate the heterogeneous instructional data reservoir (hub) under one process. The AI3M2 uses a Virtual Private Network (VPN) as a private network which is constructed within a public network infrastructure.

Index Terms - (AI3M2), AI3M2 Graphical User Interface (AI3M2-GUI), Parser, Spoke-Wheel Mechanism, Mobile Phone Handset and Virtual Private Network

A Comparative Analysis of Page Ranking Algorithms

Pages: 33-39 (7) | [Full Text] PDF (359K)

Dr. Paras Nath Gupta, Pawan Singh, Punit Kr Singh and Amit Kumar

Department of Mathematics, A.M. College, Gaya
Department of Computer Science, IIMT Engineering College, Meerut
Department of Computer Science, IIMT IET, Meerut

Abstract - With the growth of World Wide Web the information containment is also increased. The search engines are used to retrieve the information from WWW so it is the responsibility of search engine to provide the relevant information to the web user against the query submitted to it. This paper describes the role of hyperlink structure as a graph and its characteristics used in searching. This paper explores different page ranking algorithm, factors affecting the page ranking and different problems in page ranking algorithms.

Index Terms - Web Structure, Page Ranking, Web Graph and Hyperlink Structure

Wearable ECG Recording and Monitoring System based on MSP430 Microcontroller

Pages: 40-43 (4) | [Full Text] PDF (191K)

Asifiqbal Thakor, Prof. Rahul Kher and Prof. Dipak Patel

EC Department, A.D. Patel Institute of Technology, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
EC Department, G.H. Patel College of Engineering & Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
EL Department, B.V.M. Engg. College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India

Abstract - Today a large attention is given to the development of innovative wearable or ambulatory systems that able to monitor physio-pathological parameters of individuals in their daily activities. The goal to progressively move the health costs from cure to prevention leads to focus on the wellness and preventive cardio fitness. This report describes Wearable ECG recording system aiming to providing continuous monitoring of ECG signal which is amplified by the instrumentation amplifier (INA 321 from Texas Instruments).The acquired ECG signals are converted into the suitable format by the ultra low power microcontroller (MSP 430FG439) for storage in SD card.

Index Terms - WECG, WD, AECG, SD and ECG

An Neural Network Approach for EEG Classification in BCI

Pages: 44-48 (5) | [Full Text] PDF (218K)

G.V. Sridhar and Dr. P. Mallikarjuna Rao

ECE, Al-Ameer College of Engineering & IT, Visakhapatnam, A.P, India
ECE, A.U. College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, A.P, India

Abstract - A Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a new communication channel allows a person to control special computer applications like a computer cursor or robotic limb through the use of his/her thoughts. BCIs had become an active research area in the last decade. BCI research is based on recording and analyzing electroencephalographic (EEG) data and recognizing EEG patterns associated with various mental states. Supervised classification methods are employed to recognize these EEG activity patterns to learn the mapping between the EEG data and classes corresponding to mental tasks. Selecting an optimal frequency band and extracting a good set of features is still an open research problem. In this paper, it is proposed to investigate EEG signals, extract features of motor imagery in the frequency domain using Hilbert transform, to compute the maximum and minimum energies. For efficient classification, Principal Component Analysis is used for feature reduction. Classification is carried out using multilayer perceptron with different learning rate and Momentum.

Index Terms - Brain Computer Interface (BCI), EEG, Hilbert Transforms, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP)